2015年3月31日 星期二

朱耀沂:臺灣昆蟲的採集與標本之收藏; 漢斯,紹德在臺灣的採集品


【標本採集】臺灣昆蟲的採集與標本之收藏
文、圖片提供/朱耀沂(國立臺灣大學昆蟲學系名譽教授)
編按:我國昆蟲權威、臺灣大學終身名譽教授朱耀沂,日前病逝,享年83歲。特刊出朱教授為83期《臺灣學通訊》所撰寫的<臺灣昆蟲的採集與標本之收藏>,向大師致敬。
最早記載臺灣產昆蟲的書籍應是1684年(康熙23年)金鋐主編的《福建通志》,該志列舉了蟬、蛾、蠅等昆蟲,但並未附任何說明;此後至1895年日治前,所刊行的《臺灣府志》、《彰化縣志》等20餘種志書中,列舉的昆蟲種類數略微增加,部分昆蟲附上形態及生活習性的說明,然而未交代昆蟲標本來源,與科學性報告的體例相去甚遠。
臺灣昆蟲研究的開始,要從1856年斯文豪(R. Swinhoe,或譯斯溫侯、郇和)在新竹縣香山的觀察及採集活動談起;斯文豪在該次採集中採得虎甲蟲等昆蟲。斯文豪是英國駐臺首位外交官,在臺期間常到處旅行並採集大量脊椎及無脊椎動物標本,將之寄送給大英博物館,其中昆蟲標本多交由貝兹(H. Bates)、摩爾(F. Moore)等專家研究並以學術報告發表。1895年日治前發表的有關臺灣產昆蟲之學術報告,至今所知共有27篇,其中根據斯文豪採集品所撰寫的就有10篇,斯文豪對臺灣昆蟲學貢獻之大,可見一斑。繼斯文豪之後,來臺採集昆蟲的外籍人士還包括赫布遜(H. E. Hobson)、拉圖雪(J. D. La Touche)、赫爾斯特(P. A. Holst)等人。
1896年,日本政府為調查新領土臺灣的動、植物,由東京帝國大學派出一支採集調查隊,其中多田綱輔負責動物調查,共採集近500種動物,包括約70種昆蟲,這些標本被分送到東京帝大、美國自然歷史博物館、史丹佛大學等委託研究。多田綱輔並將在臺採集調查的心得發表在日本的《動物學雜誌》。
日本治臺初期有兩大政策方針:一為保障在臺日人的健康,一為開展產業,使臺灣成為日本經濟後盾。就保障日人健康方面,日方針對當時臺灣最猖獗的風土病──瘧疾,在1905年大致完成媒介瘧疾之臺灣產主要瘧蚊的分類記述工作。就產業開展而言,有鑑於當時前景看好的物產是樟腦和蔗糖,日方在1906年派佐佐木忠次郎來臺從事樟樹害蟲的調查,同年並委派松村松年調查甘蔗害蟲,兩人並利用調查害蟲之際採集不少昆蟲帶回日本供日後研究。
1908年,臺北近郊的柑桔園飽受吹綿介殼蟲之害,據推測該蟲是從澳洲隨著樹苗入侵臺灣的。為防治該介殼蟲,當時的農事試驗場昆蟲部部長素木得一特地從美國加州引進該介殼蟲的天敵澳洲瓢蟲,至1910年完全抑制該介殼蟲之猖獗,挽救了臺灣北部的柑桔業。臺灣總督府為表揚他的壯舉,撥出不少經費給昆蟲部,用於建蓋新研究室及購置研究設備。1918年,在昆蟲部規劃下展開長達7~8年的全島性大規模昆蟲採集及種類調查。
在素木得一領導下,該昆蟲部成為日本極重要的昆蟲分類研究據點。當時主要的昆蟲專家除素木得一(直翅目,蠅、虻類)外,還有楚南仁博(蝴蝶,蜂類),高橋良一(蚜蟲,介殼蟲,粉蝨類),三輪勇四郎(鍬形蟲,叩頭蟲),中條道夫(金花蟲),水戶野武夫(天牛),一色周知(小蛾,舉尾蟲)等人(註:括弧內表示他們研究的昆蟲分類群)。
日治時期的昆蟲採集及分類學研究,雖以日本人為主,但也有他國人士參與,其中以威爾曼(A. E. Wileman)與邵德(H. Sauter)貢獻最大。威爾曼在1903年至1908年任職駐臺南英國領事,公務之餘勤於採集鱗翅目昆蟲;並在退休後把所有昆蟲採集品贈送給大英博物館,成為該館個人贈送品中最大宗的東亞地區鱗翅目標本。
紹德是德籍昆蟲標本商,於1905年任職於英商德記洋行的安平分行,除原住民居留地外,採集範圍幾乎包含全島各地;他不但自己採集,還雇用一批日人及臺人為採集人,其中包括朝倉喜代松、高椋悌吉等臺灣昆蟲採集史上的採集名人。埔里及其附近的南山溪、本部溪、眉溪,以及南部的竹崎、甲仙埔、阿里簡、港口,東部的太麻里,北部的阿玉山等著名的採集地都是邵德及其採集人所開發的。
邵德將大量的採集品或贈或賣給歐洲各地的大學或博物館。以 “H. Sauter’s Formosa-Ausbeute”(漢斯,紹德在臺灣的採集品)為副題,發表在歐洲著名學術期刊的報告或論文,篇數不下300篇,足見紹德對臺灣昆蟲學之貢獻;但因他的採集品分散歐洲各地,對日後研究臺灣昆蟲的人帶來不少困擾。
整體而言,日治50年間,臺灣的昆蟲相研究及鑑定工作有極顯著的進展,至日治末期,臺灣既知的昆蟲種類已近一萬五千種。以蝴蝶為例,1906年三宅恆方在《昆蟲學雜誌》發表〈臺灣產蝴蝶圖說〉,介紹了118種臺灣產蝴蝶,至1910年增加到217種;1935年寬尾鳳蝶被發現時增加到326種,至今臺灣既知種已超過410種。
83期通訊主題【動物】網址:http://www.ntl.edu.tw/ct.asp?xItem=16767&ctNode=457&mp=5
圖為紹德的昆蟲採集地圖

聖保羅砲艇(The Sand Pebbles )


1960年代福斯影業來臺拍攝的「聖保羅砲艇(The Sand Pebbles )」,由Robert Wise執導,曾在台灣基隆、淡水、大稻埕等地取景,雖然是在台灣取景,但卻被政府下令禁演。圖為於基隆火車站前拍攝時引起民眾爭睹,軍警拉封鎖線的場面,尚未被拆除的舊基隆火車站也入鏡了。
延伸閱讀:
基隆舊火車站老照片
http://www.twmemory.org/?p=4799⋯⋯
更多
1966年基隆拍電影~

民眾衝總統府爆衝突

對亞投 民眾衝總統府爆衝突

現場抗議民眾拉布條。吳國仲攝

 
 
(更新:現場狀況、現場最新照片)

博愛路派出所逮捕的四名抗議民眾,吳崢、鐘和秐、陳健民、王奕凱在晚間11點40分已經離開派出所,目前得知他們四人會回到總統府前抗議現場。

總統府前最新狀況,警方出動兩輛大型警備車,目前已經有1輛駛離現場,車上載滿抗議民眾,目前第2輛警備車被抗議民眾團團圍住,抗議民眾抓住警備車的窗戶不讓車輛駛離現場。

台北市總統府前,今天晚間9時許,聚集了很多民眾,針對亞洲投資銀行,在總統府前人行道抗議,現場聚集了約50多人民眾,人數越來越多,警方與憲兵在現場將抗議民眾團團圍住,現場交通一度大亂。

根據黑色島國青年的臉書表示,現場抗議民眾吳崢、鐘和秐、陳健民、王奕凱已經被被警察逮捕至博愛路派出所!!
(突發中心/台北報導)

發稿時間2236
更新時間2352

 
現場抗議民眾背景發架離。吳國仲攝
民眾躺在凱道上抗議。吳國仲攝
現場民眾陸續被架離。吳國仲攝
抗議民眾被警方架離現場。吳國仲攝
被帶上警備車抗議民眾份立體抗。吳國仲攝
吳崢離開派出所返回抗議現場。陸運鋒攝
抗議的民眾在警備車上流淚。吳國仲攝
王奕凱離開派出所返回現場。陸運鋒攝

skyscrapers

The Empire State Building opened its doors in 1931, as the Great Depression was getting going. Malaysia’s Petronas Towers became the world’s tallest building in 1996, just before the Asian financial crisis. Dubai’s Burj Khalifa, currently the world’s tallest building, opened in 2010 in the middle of a local and global crash. Is there such a thing as a skyscraper curse? http://econ.st/19oyzsp
Click here for more skyscraper data-graphics THE world is in the middle of a skyscraper boom. Last year nearly 100 buildings over 200 metres tall were built—more...
ECON.ST

My Land Is Burning 印度賈坎德邦的加里亞 Jharia 煤田

Chaitali Mukherjee, IndiaMy Land is Burning: Story of Jharia Coal Pickers
紀錄觀點更新了封面相片。
昨天 10:05 · 編輯紀錄 ·
【我的土地著火了】
一百年前的印度賈坎德邦的加里亞煤田以蔥鬱的原始叢林、純樸的部落居民,以及亞洲最大的煤礦聞名於世。如今那塊豐饒之地已變成煤炭火災的煉獄。因為煤礦開採的激烈與頻繁,此地的地下煤礦不斷冒出熊熊火焰,大火燒掉了部落居民的房子、叢林、生命以及一切。



【我的土地著火了】。紀錄了印度切里亞煤田居民捍衛家園的悲傷故事。這樣的故事,你是否覺得似曾相識? 在這裡人們過著地獄般的生活,某天你的家園著火了,房子垮了,因有人想佔地開發,但它卻是你的衣食父母,你該怎麼辦?

「我們撤離對BCCL公司有利,他們就能任意掠奪採礦,賺進大筆鈔票,但我們能撤到哪?我們只要抗議,礦區主管機關就要我們撤離。」

煤礦是切里亞的經濟命脈,有些採煤人為了討口飯吃,依然守住這片悶燒頹圮的土地。但多數的居民從未從這一塊塊黑色的有價品得到任何利益,但卻必須忍受它帶來的厄運與苦果。他們不想放棄家園,雖然家園已遭烈焰吞噬。

【偷煤炭是唯一的生存之道】
沙尼查‧耿詹,12歲,靠偷煤炭維生。一天能賺150至200盧比(約70~100台幣)。
「我爸愛喝酒錢很少拿回家,我沒去上學,因為沒辦法專心唸書,我是偷煤炭的。我抽菸,家人都瞧不起我,長大後做什麼以後再說,說不定會去找工作,我想要賺錢離開這裡。」
切里亞的人民處境進退維谷,雖然有火災及土地塌陷的風險,但是靠煤礦能賺錢。有人危險地爬上正在行駛的煤礦車撿煤炭,也有人在礦場旁撿拾,雖然被說是小偷,但其實不算偷竊,因露天礦被丟棄的表土中,本來就有許多小煤礦,撿來燒成軟焦煤,還要走好幾里的路去賣。如果有正當工作,有誰會想要當小偷呢? 明晚10點請鎖定紀錄觀點【我的土地著火了】!!



◆【我的土地著火了】播出時間 3/31(二)22:00 公視/mod


【偷煤炭是唯一的生存之道】
沙尼查‧耿詹,12歲,靠偷煤炭維生。一天能賺150至200盧比(約70~100台幣)。
「我爸愛喝酒錢很少拿回家,我沒去上學,因為沒辦法專心唸書,我是偷煤炭的。我抽菸,家人都瞧不起我,長大後做什麼以後再說,說不定會去找工作,我想要賺錢離開這裡。」
切里亞的人民處境進退維谷,雖然有火災及土地塌陷的風險,但是靠煤礦能賺錢。有人危險地爬上正在行駛的煤礦車撿煤炭,也有人在礦場旁撿拾,雖然被說是小偷,但其實不算偷竊,因露天礦被丟棄的表土中,本來就有許多小煤礦,撿來燒成軟焦煤,還要走好幾里的路去賣。如果有正當工作,有誰會想要當小偷呢? 明晚10點請鎖定紀錄觀點【我的土地著火了】!!
◆【我的土地著火了】播出時間 3/31(二)22:00 公視/mod
◆ 影片簡介 http://viewpoint.pts.org.tw/?p=4387
◆ 精彩預告 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RemORW2nG1M

紀錄觀點的相片。
紀錄觀點的相片。
紀錄觀點的相片。

2015年3月30日 星期一

臺大 文學院庭院之一

戰前的『臺北帝國大學』校園風光.


NTU...與您一起迎接綠意盎然的4月天

2015年3月28日 星期六

Singapore

Only 30 miles (48km) across at its widest point, Singapore takes up little more than half the space occupied by New York’s five boroughs; with 5.5m inhabitants it is much less populous. On a per person basis Singapore is far richer than its neighbours in the region, and it is the only country in South-East Asia in which ethnic-Chinese citizens make up the majority. How did it come to be? http://econ.st/1NhV6WU

A history of the department

A history of the department store

From Victorian London to Soviet-era Moscow, department stores have changed the way we shop and have shaped global culture. Jonathan Glancey investigates.

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Open for business

While there are rival contenders, the title of the world’s first department store belongs, perhaps, to Harding, Howell & Co’s Grand Fashionable Magazine at 89 Pall Mall in St James’s, London. Opened in 1796, this handsome Georgian shop was divided into four departments, offering furs and fans, haberdashery, jewellery and clocks, and millinery, or hats.
Harding, Howell & Co was focussed on the needs and desires of fashionable women. Here, at last women were free to browse and shop, safely and decorously, away from home and from the company of men. These, for the main part, were newly affluent middle class women, their good fortune – and the department store itself – nurtured and shaped by the Industrial Revolution. This was transforming life in London and the length and breadth of Britain at a dizzying pace on the back of energetic free trade, fecund invention, steam and sail, and a seemingly inexhaustible supply of expendable cheap labour.
It is no coincidence that, from the mid 19th Century, the department store adopted the look and feel of the way we have known it for more than 150 years with the opening, by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, of the Great Exhibition in 1851. This was held in the Crystal Palace, a truly revolutionary structure, designed by Joseph Paxton and located in Hyde Park, not far from Harrods, which, from 1905, became Europe’s biggest department store.
Not only did the Crystal Palace feature 300,000 panes of plate glass – a recent invention – but it was also an enormous showcase of consumer goods from around the world. Millions of people came here to window shop, gawping at marvels of contemporary design and technology that opened their eyes to what the new industrial world could offer. Ever since, even when clad in marble, stone, brick or terracotta, department stores – shopping malls, too – have had something of Paxton’s Crystal Palace about them.
Many of the early department stores, such as John Lewis and Whiteleys in London, were founded by drapers, cloth merchants who understood the tastes and buying power of the rising new generation of middle class women that, from the second half of the 19th Century, would spur the department store to opulent heights across Europe and the United States.

Revolution

Lindy Woodhead’s biography Shopping, Seduction & Mr Selfridge was published in 2007. Six years later, Mr Selfridge, a British TV drama based on Woodhead’s book, was first broadcast on both sides of the Atlantic. A second and third series have followed, with viewers from Afghanistan to Sweden following the operatic life and times of Harry Gordon Selfridge. No wonder. The story of the Wisconsin-born retailer who left school at 14, rose to become a partner in Marshall Field’s, Chicago – founded in 1852, it was one of the first and most ambitious US department stores – and then re-created the department store for the 20th Century in London, has it all: the highs, the lows, glamour, scandal, commercial and public acclaim and the ultimate crash landing not of the store that bears his name, but of a once stellar career.
Selfridge had done well with Marshall Field’s. He liked to say, “The customer is always right,” which made the Chicago store popular. And he reputedly invented the catchphrase “Only [so many] Shopping Days Until Christmas”. When he visited London on holiday in 1906 he was surprised to find most of the city’s department stores – Harrods had only recently completed its retail palace in Knightsbridge – lacked the panache and drama of their American and Parisian rivals. This led Selfridge to leave the US and establish a singularly magnificent department store, bearing his name, at the west end of London’s Oxford Street.
The initial design was by Daniel Burnham, a big-spirited American architect who had worked for Marshall Field’s and, significantly, had designed much of the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair, a successor to London’s Great Exhibition of 1851. One of Burnham’s assistants in London was Thomas Tait, one of whose major works was the extension to the British Museum of 1905. In Oxford Street, Selfridge’s design team shaped an ambitious Beaux Arts classical palace – or indeed museum – of a building, its noble ionic facade rising above a wall of plate glass windows.
Opened in 1909, Selfridges offered bedazzled customers a hundred departments along with restaurants, a roof garden, reading and writing rooms, reception areas for foreign visitors, a first aid room and, most importantly, a small army of knowledgeable floor-walking assistants who served as guides to this retail treasure trove as well as being thoroughly instructed in the art of making a sale.
Selfridge did much to make the department store a destination rather than just a big and comprehensively stocked city shop. It became a place to meet and for ladies to lunch, and from Charlie Chaplin’s chaotic misadventures in The Floorwalker (1916), a magnet for filmmakers. The Marx Brothers romped through The Big Store (1941). Norman Wisdom made a mess of things in Trouble in Store (1953), with Jerry Lewis further exploring the comic potential in Who’s Minding the Store? (1963). Comedy descended to low, if popular, farce with the long running British TV series Are You Being Served? (1972-85) set in a fusty department store lacking every last iota of Gordon Selfridge’s panache.
And, yet, the first truly popular cultural exposé of the department store had been Émile Zola’s Au Bonheur des Dames (The Ladies’ Paradise), a novel of 1883 concerned with its exploitative and incestuous side, rarely seen by customers charmed by its ever evolving delights.

Modern times

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Erich Mendelsohn, one of the most inventive of early Modern Movement architects, met the brothers Simon and Salman Schocken, successful German retailers, in 1924. The result was the design of some of the most innovative of all department stores and three of the most exciting and influential European buildings of the Weimar era. Where Le Bon Marché and La Samaritaine in Paris proffered Art Nouveau and Art Deco charms and the Americans and the British served lavish helpings of Beaux Arts Classicism and Edwardian Baroque, Kaufhaus Schocken went shockingly Modern. The powerfully sculpted stores Mendelsohn designed in Nuremberg (1926), Stuttgart (1928) and Chemnitz (1930) proved that retailers could lead architectural innovation rather than follow pseudo-historic styles.
With their brilliant use of electric lighting – something Mendelsohn had learned from the look of American city streets at night – bold architectural graphics and photogenic forms, the Schocken stores were admired by a new generation of European architects and castigated by the Nazis, who came to power in 1933. Mendelsohn left for the UK that year. Salman Shocken (Simon had been killed in a car accident in 1929) lost his business to the Nazis and emigrated to Palestine the following year. There, he commissioned Mendelsohn to design the Schocken Library, a fitting home to the only major collection of Jewish books to have escaped Nazi Germany.
Not that the Nazis could stop the spread of architectural ideas spawned in Germany. In 1935 the new Peter Jones department store, owned by the John Lewis Partnership, opened on London’s Sloane Square. Designed by William Crabtree, it owed much to Mendelsohn. Although ultra-modern, it won favour with the public both for its bright, airy interior, but also for the well-mannered way its steel and glass curtain wall curved gently with the flow of Sloane Street.
There were other ways of designing big, yet subtle and civic-minded department stores as, for example, Stockmann in the centre of Helsinki, the largest of its type in the Nordic countries. This handsome building, sculpted in brick and glass by the architect Sigurd Frosterus, opened in 1930. And, yet, when department stores felt threatened as shopping malls and new ways of shopping emerged in the late 20th Century, it was Selfridges that invested in radical new architecture: Selfridges in Birmingham (2003), designed by the the architects Future Systems, was as unexpected and as thrilling as anything Erich Mendelsohn had dreamed up generations earlier.

Shopper's world

Department stores proved so appealing that they blossomed at most unlikely junctures in 20th Century history. GUM (State Department Store), Red Square, Moscow dates from 1921. For Lenin, it was a showcase of “socialist consumerism”, which was, to say the least, a misnomer. The spectacular looking shop sold what Soviet factories chose to send. Being a communist country, the customer was always ‘left’ rather than right. Even more surprising has been the rise of intense consumerism in the People’s Republic of China, where vast, hyper-bling shopping malls now threaten the very idea of the department store.
The threat of the shopping mall coincided with a global acceptance of the internet, personal computers and smart phones – the rise of online shopping. Against the odds the department store has survived. People may choose to buy online, yet they also like to see what’s on offer in person. Department stores present a good snapshot of current trends in fashion, design, household goods and gadgets. As a result, forward-looking department stores have re-imagined themselves as retail theatres updating Gordon Selfridge’s vision of a century ago.
Intriguingly, internet-savvy customers in Britain still enjoy shopping in the fabric departments of John Lewis department stores much as their predecessors did 150 years ago. Think Crystal Palace 1851 with 21st Century marketing and communications technology and you can see just why the department store remains hard to beat, an endearing and enduring cultural and retail fixture on our busiest city streets and squares.