2012年6月28日 星期四

A deluge of data makes cities laboratories for those seeking to run them better

Urban research

The laws of the city

A deluge of data makes cities laboratories for those seeking to run them better


NO FACE looks alike, but human bodies and their genetic make-up are almost identical. Cities too have distinctive charms—but are surprisingly alike behind their façades. Regardless of size, their populations grow at the same average rate everywhere in the world. A city twice as large as its neighbour is likely to be 15% richer. The mix of green space and built-up areas tends to be equal everywhere.
Such findings reflect a recent shift in urban research. Better technology has turned cities into fountains of data that confirm known regularities and reveal striking new patterns. This could transform how cities are regarded, built and managed. Attempts to contain urban sprawl, long the prevailing paradigm of urban planning, for instance, could fall out of favour. Cities could be run with the sort of finely tuned mix of technology and performance associated with Formula 1 racing cars.
Back in the 1940s, George Zipf, an American researcher, noted that a city’s population is inversely proportional to its rank in a country. His law holds that the largest city is always about twice as big as the second largest, three times as big as the third largest, and so on. Other regularities have emerged since. Big cities decentralise as they grow, creating more jobs outside the centre. Urban population density in all industrialised countries declines slowly as you move away from the centre. (Moscow, exceptionally, is the other way round.)
The lack of good numbers used to limit such studies. Now data abound. The United Nations and other organisations make most of their statistics freely available. Data have also become more comparable between cities and even between countries. Most important, transport and telecoms networks, and social media, are spawning new data as a free by-product.
This has triggered new research. For instance Geoffrey West and Luis Bettencourt, both of the Santa Fe Institute, found that cities scale much like organisms. Just as an elephant is, roughly speaking, a larger but more energy-efficient version of a gorilla, big cities are thrifty versions of small ones. For a metropolis twice the size of another, the length of electric cables, number of gas stations and other bits of infrastructure decrease by about 15% per inhabitant. But beasts do not enjoy the cities’ rising returns to scale. Income, patents, savings and other signs of wealth rise by around 15% when a city’s size doubles. In short, urbanites consume less but produce more.
Shlomo Angel, an urban planning expert at New York University, gathered historical and census data from hundreds of cities, digitised thousands of maps and had computers count millions of pixels on satellite pictures. Between 1990 and 2000 the surfaces of each of the 120 cities he and his team studied grew on average more than twice as fast as their populations. These rates, he says, are unlikely to change. That means that the amount of urban land will double in only 19 years, whereas the urban population will double in 43 years.
Carlo Ratti, who heads the Senseable City Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was one of the first to sift through the data produced by telecoms networks. One aim was to find out how a country’s internal borders reflect human connections. In Britain the English and the Scots hardly talk, at least on landlines; west of London, where many of Britain’s high-tech firms are based, a new region is developing. American states such as Georgia and Alabama belong together, whereas California splits three ways. In Portugal, if a city is twice the size of another, people make 12% more phone calls per head. This gives weight to what urban theorists such as the late Jane Jacobs have long argued: that cities foster the exchange of ideas.
The Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis (CASA) at University College London, another research hotbed, uses data from London’s Oyster cards—used to pay for public transport—and Twitter messages. Tube-travel patterns are regular: entering the system at one station tends to mean leaving it at a particular other one. Twitter messages reveal a city’s structure and its activity. London has one centre, near Piccadilly Circus; New York has several, including near Times Square, City Hall and in Brooklyn. Tweeting correlates negatively with greenery, particularly in Central Park.
Some in the field are ambivalent about such research. Practitioners of urban planning don’t quite know what to do with the results—particularly regularities of the sort found by Mr West. Others worry that urban research could, just like other fields of study, start to put number-crunching ahead of other important questions. “A green pixel on a satellite image doesn’t tell you whether it’s a park or a private garden,” argues Philipp Rode, of LSE Cities, a research centre at the London School of Economics.
Still, the deluge of urban data is likely to have a big impact. Some academics such as Michael Batty, the director of CASA, see a real prospect of synthesising these patterns and regularities into a “science of the city”, much like physics or biology. That will be the subject of a conference at the Santa Fe Institute in July.
City planners, too, may have to rethink their work. If cities indeed develop organically along certain lines, pushing them onto another track may be futile. Instead of trying to limit growth, planners should “make room”, says Mr Angel: be realistic when projecting urban land needs, set generous metropolitan limits, protect some open space and provide an arterial grid of roads. This is pretty much what New York did in the early 18th century. It is what some Chinese cities are doing now.
Yet the most immediate impact of urban data will be on how cities are managed. In a second research lab in Singapore, Mr Ratti and his colleagues are developing software to turn cities into what he calls “real-time control systems”. These combine all kinds of data feeds, including information about the location of taxis and rainfall. The city state’s transport system would benefit from being better able to match the demand and supply of taxis, particularly when it rains, which tends to happen suddenly in Singapore.
Such examples raise one question: how will data change cities? To get an idea, look at how racing cars have changed. Mechanics used to do all the fine-tuning on their vehicle before a race. Now they sit in front of big screens, monitoring the data that comes in from the hundreds of sensors attached to the car—and make adjustments in real-time. One day city hall may be as packed with screens as a Formula 1 pit.

2012年6月24日 星期日

淡江中學二二八紀念碑


讀:
*成功大學出版80年校史,首將白色恐怖案件納入
成功大學日前出版了記錄80年校史的套書「成大八十-再訪青春」,共5冊外加一部紀錄片,呈現不同角度的成大歷史,更首度記錄白色恐怖時的校園事件及共產黨案。
這套由成大歷史系王健文教授負責主編的校史包括「南方歲時記:成大八十年編年記事圖錄」,「南方未央歌:戰後半世紀的青春記事」、 「不安於室:成功大學的人文景觀」、「成功的基礎:成大的台南高等工業學校時期」、「頭冷胸寬腳敏:成大早期畢業生與台灣工業化」。
其中「南方未央歌」一卷,是成大校史首度公開記錄白色恐怖時期的校園政治案件,紀錄了發生在台南工學院時期(成大前身)的數起政治案件所牽連的教職員與學生,以及改制之後,發生於1972年的成大共產黨案。

記起前幾天在淡江中學的228紀念碑

淡江中學:遊記----淡江中學(2)
     校園內還有228紀念碑, 二二八事件當中, 這裡的師生也被捲入, 因此校方決定立碑以玆紀念.......

第一節   二二八事件與淡江中學


日本投降後,台灣長老教會北部大會立刻組成董事會,準備進行接收工作,選派林茂生博士為董事長,於1945年11月20日從日人手中收回淡中、淡水高女和宮前女中,並各改名為淡水中學校、淡水女子中學與中山女子中學,由林茂生兼任三校校長,並任陳能通與陳清忠為淡水男女兩校之教務主任。兩天後,淡水中學師生遂在淡中舉行有板校長歡送會。
。1947年3月7日偕叡廉先生自加拿大返回正值「二二八事件」時的台灣與淡水教職員合影下陳能通校長和黃阿統老師遇害前的身影
戰後台灣社會極不穩定,但在林校長的經營下,淡水兩校卻逐漸好轉。1945年五月兩位教務主任升任校長,而就在此時,台灣社會卻因光復後施政品質惡化、民生蕭條、危機四伏而影嚮學校的發展。民國36年二月,因緝拿由大陸走私至淡水的菸酒,隨後在台北爆發「二二八」慘案。並擴及台灣各地,淡水在事變期間因市井青年進入淡中強取軍訓用槍,去攻打水硯頭守軍,而牽連到淡中師生。

3月10日,沙崙地區的國軍在獲得台北方面的援兵後,於當早軍隊衝入淡水街 上,殺害不少民眾。常時有位住校學生郭曉鐘正好下山購物,被軍人射殺而曝屍街頭,一直到下午陳能通校長才能下山領回屍體,以便通知其台南的家長。翌日清晨 五點大批武裝軍人到校園採取圍捕行動,他們到校舍強行押走陳能通校長,開槍射傷前來營救校長的理化老師盧園,並在女中前面押走體育老師黃阿統。
後來,陳校長和黃阿統被帶往沙崙,三天後街民看見他們被捆綁,用軍車送往基隆隆。二人自此遇害而屍首無尋,盧園老師也在八日後傷重不治,而董事長林茂生博士也在台北遇害。黃阿統,新竹客籍精英,畢業於台北第二師範,曾任小學訓導。他於1943年到淡水高女任教,在校期間以疼愛學生、熱心公益而受學生愛戴。事發時他是體育老師兼訓育工作,清晨到校是為處理遇害的學生,但卻為此一去不返。
。遇害前的陳能通校長(1945初年攝)
。在淡水高女任教時的黃阿統老師全家之生活照,地點舊女生部教員宿舍前
盧園,1941年畢業於淡中後,赴日本上田纖維學校深造,二次大戰時曾任皇軍少尉,光復後受陳能通校長之邀而回母校任教,事發之時他正在準備訂婚事宜,不料從此卻天人永隔。黃、盧兩位老師都是當時難得的人才,軍方殺害他們的理由一直未公佈,直到1992年政治禁忌消除後,才知這項所謂的淡中「綏靖」行動,是因他們三人 「煽動學生嚮應台北招致流氓及青年在學校舉辦軍事訓練」,並聲稱對他們「格斃」「正法」純屬「措置有方」,這種無中生有的羅織罪名,大大屈辱了他們三人為 淡中流血殉身的事實。淡水兩校一直到四月才恢復平靜,北部教會特請台北市長游彌堅為三校董事長並兼校長職務,以穩定人心。同時將淡水兩校合併,並因中華民 國法規私校不能使用地方名稱,而改稱淡江中學男子部、淡江中學女子部。同年9月新學期時也將台北的中山女子中學,合併於淡江中學女子部。

2012年6月22日 星期五

Dundee, Inverness






http://www.answers.com/topic/inverness

Tibet's spiritual leader Dalai Lama to arrive in Inverness

The Dalai Lama The Dalai Lama is in Inverness following a visit to Edinburgh

Related Stories

Tibet's spiritual leader the Dalai Lama will finish his UK tour in Inverness later.
All 1,300 tickets for his appearance at the city's Eden Court sold out in 24 hours, jamming phones at the theatre in the process.
Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, has already visited Manchester, London, Edinburgh and Dundee.
Nairn Academy pupil Amy McCann, 18, will introduce the Dalai Lama to the stage at Eden Court.
The Dalai Lama, who lives in exile in India, is one of the world's best known religious figures.
Religious groups invited him to visit the UK.
There has been controversy over his tour of Scotland.
In Dundee, the Lord Provost Bob Duncan was accused of cancelling his speech at a specially arranged event on Friday.
The city council said SNP councillor Mr Duncan was not snubbing the Dalai Lama and would speak to the 76-year-old after attending a family funeral.
It emerged earlier this week that the Chinese consul general to Scotland had met with council leaders from all three cities scheduled for the tour.
The issue was raised during first minister's question time in the Scottish Parliament, where opposition parties claimed China had put pressure on the SNP government over the visit.
Deputy First Minister Nicola Sturgeon warned parties not to politicise what was a "pastoral" visit, before saying that no UK government ministers were meeting the Dalai Lama during his trip.



2012年6月14日 星期四

永和

臺灣童謠亦有此異:『月光光,秀才郎;騎白馬,過南唐』:此言鄭延平之起兵也。『頭戴明朝帽,身穿清朝 衣;五月稱永和,六月還康熙』:此言朱一貴之失敗。『出日落雨,刉豬秉肚;尫仔穿紅褲,乞食走無路』:此言乙未九、十月之景象也。揣其所言,若有默示;豈 偶然而合歟?抑天人感應之際現於機微也歟?

  朱一貴尊明為正朔,承襲明朝的制度,國號大明,年號永和,廢薙髮令,封諸將為官,佈告天下。[11]
 朱一貴(1690年-1722年)小名福建省漳州長泰人,台灣清治時期第一次大規模民變發動人。

 永和

乙未戰爭- 维基百科,自由的百科全书

zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/乙未戰爭 - Cached - Translate this page
乙未戰爭 或稱乙未之役、乙未日軍征台之役,或稱為台日戰爭。日本稱為台灣討伐或征台之役。是台灣軍民為捍衛「台灣民主國」,而日軍依馬關條約為取得台灣所爆發 ...

えいわ【永和】

    南北朝時代、北朝後円融天皇の時の年号。1375年2月27日~1379年3月22日。
     
     
     
     曾設籍永和市20年.....

永和- 維基百科,自由的百科全書

zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/永和 - Cached - Translate this page
永和區位於於台北盆地的中央偏南,北隔新店溪與台北市的萬華區、中正區、文山區相鄰,南則大致以瓦磘溝西段、中和路、安樂路、瓦磘溝東段、自立路2巷、秀朗路3 ...

2012年6月12日 星期二

RIO+20: Dam threatens Kenyan lake

RIO+20: Dam threatens Kenyan lake; Chinese aid under fire

BY TADASHI SUGIYAMA CORRESPONDENT
2012/06/12
photoA cattle breeder tends to animals at Lake Turkana in northern Kenya. (Tadashi Sugiyama)photoMany people make their living by fishing at Lake Turkana. (Tadashi Sugiyama)
LOIYANGALANI, Kenya -- About a 20-hour drive from Nairobi, zebras graze on the shore of a jade-green lake while the heads of hippos and Nile crocodiles break the surface of the water. Myriad birds sing by the lakeside, and lions can be seen dosing off in the distance.





In 2012 the United Nations will convene the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, also known as Rio 2012 or Rio+20, hosted by Brazil in Rio de Janeiro, as a 20-year follow-up to the historic 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) that was held in the same city. The conference is organized by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
The decision to hold the conference in 2012 in Rio de Janeiro was made by UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/64/236 on 24 December 2009.[1]

2012年6月11日 星期一

臺灣傷心海岸/暴雨將至,台灣處處危機

 

消失的生命之河 暴雨將至,台灣處處危機


2010-03 天下雜誌 442期 作者:林倖妃
淹水?還是缺水? 
 
氣象局發布豪雨特報,今日全台都被列入豪雨警戒區,高屏山區更應嚴防超大豪雨。暴雨將至!鬆軟、脆弱的家園,面對極端氣候,時時都有巨災的威脅。
成功大學地球科學系主任林慶偉指出,南部今年從五月的梅雨季開始,將是很大考驗。因為山坡坡面若植被完整,不太容易破壞。但只要有一 點崩塌,一旦颱風、豪雨來襲,不但殘餘坡面土石易持續下滑,甚至造成新生崩塌擴大,土方往中下游傾洩。而這些崩塌的土方,隨著雨水沖刷,勢必導致更嚴重的 土石流。
 
農曆春節期間,山區連下三天累積雨量不過一三○毫米,南橫便道即中斷,導致山區四村落斷線。氣象局預報中心主任鄭明典,日前發布警訊:今年氣候和二○○五年型態接近,春雨劇烈性降雨機會提高,甚至可能是近十年來春季出現劇烈降雨威脅最大的一年。
 
農委會水土保持局局長吳輝龍估算,之前水災從嘉義以南到東部災區所產生的土方,高達十二億立方公尺,目前流入河流的只佔三分之一(約四億),其餘滯留在中上游。因此,下一場暴雨,將帶來更大量的土石流。
 
而八八水災後高屏溪所產生的二億六千萬立方公尺砂石,流到河口的僅一百萬立方公尺,連一%都不到。大部份砂石仍堆在河床。
 
「我們和時間在賽跑,」兼具土木學者身分的陳振川說。政府需在汛期前完成安置和部份重建,避免沿岸部落二次受災,「災害一定會來,但要盡量減少人命財產的傷亡,不能硬跟大自然對抗,我們根本沒有這樣的能力。」
 
台灣雨量增幅是世界五倍 
「如今的高屏溪,就像個荒野的孩子,」曾貴海說,水流的行蹤飄忽,令人無法捉摸。雨季使人愁,但若旱象延長,對已然面臨水資源缺乏壓力的大高雄地區更令人憂心。
 
台灣大學土木工程研究所教授林銘郎認為,從過去九二一地震和桃芝颱風後,中部陳有蘭溪反覆發生災變的慘痛經驗,「災害至少還會持續五年。」而這已經是最保守的說法。

台灣,早被列為高風險之島。
 
中研院地球科學研究所研究員汪中和拿出聯合國報告,其中提到如果海平面上升一公尺,全世界受影響最嚴重的前十名國家中,台灣赫然在列。「地球每增溫一度,雨量增加六%。但台灣受到地形和地理因素影響,雨量增幅是世界平均值的五倍,」他補充。
 
從 一九九六年賀伯颱風之後,受到氣候變遷影響的台灣,雨量和災難幅度即不斷創新紀錄。「從歷史上來說,八八水災可以說是近百年以來最大的災難,」莫拉克颱風 重建推動委員會副執行長陳振川說。面對這樣高風險的國土,台灣人以往是用「人定勝天」的拚勁,與自然爭地。一次風災,就造成全台斷裂一三三座橋,單高屏溪 沿岸達五十餘座橋,就是最好的例子。
 
災後少數幾座仍完好的新威大橋右側,荖濃溪、濁口溪夾帶大量砂石,往兩溪匯流處沖積,才剛蓋好一年的新威大橋橋墩,已有一半高度牢牢地被埋在土砂堆中。
 
新威大橋左側,被灰白土石吞沒的河床上,現在每天都有十餘輛疏濬的怪手在「備戰」。行政院已下令,高屏溪流域在雨季來前要清淤疏濬一千四百萬立方公尺的土石,約是淤積量的二十分之一。
 
看過去,河床上挖土的小小怪手,就如同「想要扳倒大象的小螞蟻」,綠色消費者基金會董事長方儉形容。
 
疏濬,真是解決危機的萬靈丹嗎? 
一位水利官員搖搖頭,拿出計算機仔細推算。一千四百萬立方公尺的砂石,需七十萬輛次砂石車載運。以一年的時間清運,一天就有將近兩千輛次砂石車,在高屏溪流域奔跑。若真如行政院要求,在雨季來臨前完成疏濬,需要白天密集超過五千輛次才可能達成。
 
「你想想,高屏溪沿岸一天就有五千輛砂石車跑來跑去,會是什麼情形?」他問。交通的超載負荷,已經說明後遺症的龐大,更別說清出的土石放哪裡?「官方只會做表面的數字、美化,」一位學者斥責,不切實際。
 
但 偏偏大樹鄉遲遲等不到疏濬施工的到來。面對著河岸土堆比路面高,憂心忡忡的大樹鄉長曾英志,氣急敗壞地說,去年八月大量泥沙瞬間湧入,堵塞大樹十三條排水 系統,連早期掩埋在高灘地的垃圾場,都鬆動冒出頭來,若不及時疏濬,雨季一來,除垃圾場可能遭沖垮造成污染,西埔村和大坑村更是首當其衝,毫無退路可言。
 
沿著省道台二十一線,荖濃溪、旗山溪和隘寮溪,在里嶺大橋附近匯流進入高屏溪。河道中堆疊的礫石風化成為細沙,東北季風一吹,立即塵土飛揚,猶如行走在「沙漠」中。
 
從上游傾洩沉積到下游的沙,更威脅攔截取水供應大高雄的高屏溪攔河堰。自來水公司高雄給水廠廠長阮東隆說,枯水期原本就少雨,今年雨量更少,山上流下來的水到下游,很快被沉積的沙吸乾,河流蜿蜒也增加日照蒸發量,不利取水供應。
 
脆弱的國土,碰上極端氣候及一次比一次劇烈的暴雨,台灣的人該如何整治每個人家門前那條河?身後的

傷心海岸,誰殺了沙灘?魚也不見了!

2012/04/17 傷心海岸,誰殺了沙灘?魚也不見了!

〔最新追蹤報導〕

台灣12座沙灘被謀殺

台灣12座沙灘被謀殺

十年內跟大安森林公園一樣大的海岸消失、台南黃金海岸兩年消失!耗費億元也救不回的海灘,誰扭曲台灣美麗的輪廓?而你以為吃到漁港現撈海鮮,其實是冷凍進口,較高級魚貨也...詳全文

〔調查〕

十年間,8大沿岸海產產量減少9成

十年間,8大沿岸海產產量減少9成「天下」記者發現,漁港邊的「真海鮮」愈來愈少。除了靠遠洋和養殖外,台灣其實已接近「無魚島」...

〔警訊〕

破碎台灣沉沒之島,地層下陷海岸侵蝕

破碎台灣沉沒之島,地層下陷海岸侵蝕近兩成的台灣國土,已沉陷到海平面以下;從台北到屏東,西海岸不斷淪陷,投資金額相當三分之一台灣GDP的高鐵和工業區等重大建設,面臨沉沒危機...

誰殺了沙灘? 圖片來源:劉國泰 十年間,跟大安森林公園一樣大的海岸,消失了。耗費億元也救不回來的海灘,淪陷下沉中的國土,誰扭曲台灣美麗的輪廓?
沙灘不見了!
木頭的指標傾頹,依稀可以辨識出「旗津」二字。
眼前的消波塊,猶如一堵高高築起的城牆,看不到海,也聽不到海濤聲。隔著一條馬路的「臨水宮」,門緊緊關上。
高雄舊名「打狗」的來源、作家七等生,一九八○年代小說《憧憬船》中,最後的淨土——旗津沙洲,瀕臨死亡。
在高雄住了五十多年,蘇振國站在市府設立的導覽圖前,對照現場實景數著,「牽罟區沉了,船錨景觀區不見了,風帆景觀區也消失了。」
距離他上次來,不過才一年。
一個大安森林公園消失
「旗津海岸侵蝕非常嚴重,兩年之內,海岸消失快五十公尺,」高雄市副市長李永得,語調很急切。
不過十年,長達三.六公里的海岸線,從海水浴場到海岸公園,幾乎流失掉一座大安森林公園的面積。
沿著旗津三路往前走,曾經遊人如織的風車公園,只留下斷垣殘壁。黃色警告牌寫著:因海岸侵蝕,前方道路封閉。 
城牆般堆砌的消波塊,是「海岸公園」內唯一的景觀。
李永得嘆口氣,築堤中的高雄港第二港口,阻擋高屏溪的漂沙,「沙被帶走,又補不進來。」光是築離岸潛堤、留住漂沙,就要七億元。
但是,有用嗎?
消失的旗津沙灘不是特例。經濟部中央地質調查所,監測全台,發現至少十二處海灘和沙洲,正在嚴重流失,過去三十年,退縮了一百到六五○公尺。
十二座海灘被謀殺


裡頭,包含不少台灣人記憶中知名的海灘。北從頭城海水浴場,南至鄰近鰲鼓溼地的好美寮,黑面琵鷺每年過冬休息的七股沙洲,以及黃金海岸、旗津海岸。
是誰殺了海灘?
台灣師範大學地理學系,助理教授林宗儀,用Google Earth沿著台灣愈來愈往內縮短的海岸線(五年內,縮短二十七公里),一公尺、一公尺地對照,指出:保護海岸用的消波塊和水泥堤防,其實是殺手。
「離岸堤做到哪裡,下游就開始侵蝕,」他說。
為了做研究,林宗儀繞著台灣海岸線跑,迄今三十年,已跑上百圈,對大小港口如數家珍。
一九九七年完工,花了七○.九億元,卻從未有遠洋漁船停泊,興達遠洋漁港,便是因錯誤政策,而衍生出更大災難。
完工後的漁港外,突出的堤防,形成突堤效應,影響由南往北的水流,海浪開始往北侵蝕茄萣岸堤。
荒謬的是,為了防止海岸持續崩壞,水利署河川局在離岸不遠處,建了一座座離岸堤,企圖營造淺灘、留住漂沙。
算一算,從高屏溪到二仁溪約六十五公里,就有一八二座各種堤防。
「這只是把原本順著水流往北的沙子,留在這裡,」林宗儀說。
黃金海岸 兩年內消失
堤防暫時保護了高雄沿岸,海浪卻累積更大能量,往北造成更劇烈的破壞。
從南邊來的海浪推進,加上安平漁港的突堤效應,雙邊夾擠,重創台南人的重要記憶「黃金海岸」,南側足足倒退七十一公尺。

比對《天下》三月拍攝的黃金海岸,「鯤喜灣文化園區遊客服務中心」前的照片,及台南市社區大學、自然環境學程講師晁瑞光,兩年前所拍的照片,發現僅僅兩年,沙灘已經不見,前方樓梯也拉起封鎖線。
「超乎想像,退縮的速度比想像中來得快,」晁瑞光不斷記錄黃金海岸。每個月,他定期和志工到二仁溪、鹽水溪和曾文溪出海口的海灘,淨灘、撿垃圾。撿著撿著,卻發現沙灘一個一個,不見了。
台二省道濱海公路上,金沙灣——這個因為黃澄澄的沙粒,猶如閃閃發光的金子,而命名的海灣,是另個案例。
這天,突然吹起的強風,讓東北角的浪愈打愈高。循著GPS上標記的「金沙灣海水浴場」,《天下》記者開車經過龍洞後,卻不見印象中的海水浴場。
放慢車速後,赫然發現小小的牌匾上寫著「金沙灣」,步行五分鐘就繞完的沙岸,完全看不出過去浪漫的足跡。
如今的金沙灣海灘,空有美麗的名字卻留不住沙。
翻開這頁歷史,位於北側的和美漁港擴建築堤後,伸出六十八公尺的堤防,造成突堤效應。強勁的水流將沙、從南往北沖刷到港內,埋了小漁港,也毀了金沙灣。
比對《天下》四月初拍的照片,及攝影師黃基峰兩年前拍攝的金沙灣,清楚看出「傷心海岸」的變遷。

漁港、商港、消波塊和防波堤,營造出的人工堡壘,幾乎完全佔據西部海岸。從新竹縣市、台中市、彰化縣、雲林縣到嘉義縣,人工海岸線都超過九○%。
但綿延的消波塊,真能保護海岸嗎?
連續三年,堅持用雙腳走過濱海線,台灣海洋環境教育推廣協會秘書長郭兆偉,最不願回憶的地點,莫過於台中和彰化。
他形容,經過台中港時,只能走在很高很高的堤防邊,砂石車在身旁呼嘯而過,「眼裡都是醜陋的東西,真的很痛苦。」
讓蚊子漁港自生自滅
近年來,國內學界開始出現「廢港」的聲浪,他們質疑台灣有必要維持兩百多個漁港嗎?
廢港早已悄悄進行。農委會漁業署長沙志一拿出資料,二○○五年至今,漁業署公告的漁港,少了十四個(目前有二二五個)。
未來,至少有五十個漁港不再投資維護,「讓它自生自滅,這是最緩和的做法,」他坦承,拆港不但花錢,還可能引發漁民反彈。
台灣西部已被人工海岸填滿,東部也正受到觀光開發的衝擊。最近的例子,就是停工中的台東美麗灣飯店。
站在緊鄰海岸的美麗灣飯店前,台東大學公共與文化事務學系副教授靳菱菱指著前方,大漲潮時,飯店和海岸只剩七、八十公尺,退潮時,也只有一二○公尺遠。
「十年內就可能淹了飯店,到時候,核准開發的台東縣政府,需不需要國賠?」一位不願具名的學者質疑。


消失中的海灘,淪陷中的國土,經濟部中央地質調查所,看在眼裡。三年前,開始著手調查,建立國土資料,給開發單位、縣市政府參考。科長張碩芳承認,丟消波塊護岸,「看來是抵不過大自然力量。」
該退就退、該拆就拆
左手是自然沙灘、右手是生命財產,能不能兩全其美?
美國已經有愈來愈多的臨海州,採取「堤防倒了就棄守」。「他們相信人力無法抗衡,也有緩衝帶的觀念,」師大地理系助理教授林宗儀說。
認清事實和自然法則,該退就退、該拆就拆,最重要是將「海洋」,放入國土規劃思考,以過去三十年的退縮海岸為依據,劃出緩衝區和撤退帶,並減少開發。
其次,是躺在立法院二十年的「海岸法」,及國家海洋政策都須確立。
五月中,以山景著名的「陸地國」——韓國,將在西南岸的麗水市,舉辦世博會,展現韓國不為人知的「海洋力」。四六九年前,葡萄牙人驚嘆為「福爾摩沙」的海島台灣,如何重新找回我們記憶中的「美麗」?

Kassel 市環保電力- dOCUMENTA (13)





  1. dOCUMENTA (13) - dOCUMENTA (13)

    d13.documenta.de/ - 頁庫存檔 - 翻譯這個網頁
    These four conditions relate to the four locations in which dOCUMENTA (13) is physically and conceptually sited—Kassel, Kabul, Alexandria/Cairo, and Banff.
  2. documenta - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenta - 頁庫存檔 - 翻譯這個網頁
    documenta is an exhibition of modern and contemporary art which takes place every five years in Kassel, Germany. It was founded by artist, teacher and curator ...
  3. 卡塞尔文献展- 维基百科,自由的百科全书

    zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/卡塞尔文献展 - 頁庫存檔
    卡塞爾文獻展(Kassel Documenta)是世界最著名的藝術展覽之一,在德國城市 ... 展廳(Documenta-Halle)、橘園宮(Orangerie)、賓丁啤酒廠(Binding-Brauerei)等。
     
     

    世界規模の現代美術展、独で開幕 愛媛の美術家も参加

    写真:国際現代美術展「ドクメンタ」に参加した大竹伸朗さんの展示。現地で集めた廃棄物などで小屋を組み立て、樹木に6隻のボートを載せた=7日、独カッセル拡大国際現代美術展「ドクメンタ」に参加した大竹伸朗さんの展示。現地で集めた廃棄物などで小屋を組み立て、樹木に6隻のボートを載せた=7日、独カッセル
    [PR]
     世界最大規模の国際現代美術展「ドクメンタ」の第13回展が9日、ドイツ中部の都市カッセルで開幕する。美術館や駅舎などを会場に、56の国・地域から美術家ら約190組が出展する。会期は9月16日まで。
     日本からは美術家の大竹伸朗さん(愛媛県宇和島市)が参加する。中心部の公園に、現地で集めた廃棄物などで小屋を設置し、高さ約20メートルの樹木に6 隻のボートを載せた。開幕前の内覧会で多くの鑑賞者を集めた。大竹さんは「昨年3月、東日本大震災の直後に出展を求められた。ここ1年あまりに感じたこと を小屋などの形に組み上げた」と話した。(西岡一正)
     
     


 2007

相關文章卡塞爾 搜尋結果約 3 個,以下為1-3個
搜尋結果排序方式:相關性 | 日期
2007/06/20 02:50
...維基百科,自由的百科全書 跳转到: 导航, 搜尋 卡塞爾市徽 地圖 基礎數據政治 城市名: 卡塞爾 ...《詳全文

自然 | 2007.10.31

卡塞尔市居民全部用上了环保电

从本周二开始(10月30日),卡塞尔成为德国第一座只使用环保电的城市。该市供电局称,全市大约20万用电居民已全部转成了使用来自北欧的水利发电产品。

以举办5年一届的文献现代艺术展著称的卡塞尔市又为德国赢得了一项骄傲,在全国的大城市中,卡塞尔成为率先全部使用再生能源生产的电力产品 的大城市。卡塞尔市大约有97000个住户以及注册公司,每年消耗的电能为4亿3千万度。迄今为止,该市主要是从原子能以及火力发电获取电能并供应居民。
对用电居民来说,这一步骤没有带来任何麻烦,也不需要多交电费。卡塞尔市政府希望,有越来越多的城市加入只使用再生能源的行列,这样不仅对环保做出 了贡献,同时,因为购买该类电力的数量增大,供求关系中,供方只能压低电价而对使用者十分有利。目前,卡塞尔市同斯堪的纳维亚水利发电公司签署了为期5年 的购买合同,因为量大以及合同有效期教长,从而形成的价格没有超出现在的水平。
除了购买北欧的水利电能以外,卡塞尔市还同经济界一道,开发再生能源的潜力。比如,他们建造了黑森州最大的一处生物气体池,计划将在这里生产的生物气体引入该市的天然气网络,供人们使用,并用气体池产生的热量在两处发电厂发电。

百來尊新兵馬俑 China unearths over 100 new terracotta warriors

The Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum is a UNESCO World Heritage site (AFP/File)


China unearths over 100 new terracotta warriors
BEIJING — Chinese archaeologists have unearthed 110 new terracotta warriors that laid buried for centuries, an official said Monday, part of the famed army built to guard the tomb of China's first emperor.
The life-size figures were excavated near the Qin Emperor's mausoleum in China's northern Xi'an city over the course of three years, and archaeologists also uncovered 12 pottery horses, parts of chariots, weapons and tools.
"The... excavation on the 200-square-metre (2,152-square-feet) site has found a total of 110 terracotta figurines," Shen Maosheng from the Qin Shihuang Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum -- which oversees the tomb -- told AFP.
"The most significant discovery this time around is that the relics that were found were well-preserved and colourfully painted," Shen, deputy head of the museum's archaeology department, said.
He added that archaeologists had pinpointed the location of another 11 warriors but had yet to unearth them.
The discovery is the latest in China's cultural sector, after experts found that the Great Wall of China -- which like the Terracotta Army is a UNESCO World Heritage site -- was much longer than previously thought.
Shen said experts had expected the colours on some of the warriors and wares uncovered at the site to have faded over the centuries, and were surprised to see how well preserved they still were.
The finds also included a shield that was reportedly used by soldiers in the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC), with red, green and white geometric patterns.
Qin Shihuang -- the Qin emperor who had the army built -- presided over the unification of China in 221 BC and is seen as the first emperor of the nation.
The ancient terracotta army was discovered in 1974 by a peasant digging a well. It represents one of the greatest archaeological finds of modern times, and was listed as a World Heritage Site in 1987.
The news comes after a five-year archaeological survey found the Great Wall of China was more than double the previously estimated length.
The survey -- released to the public last week -- found the wall was 21,196 kilometres (13,170 miles) long, compared to an official 2009 figure of 8,851 kilometres.
Beijing authorities on Saturday also reiterated plans to open two new sections of the Great Wall to tourists and expand two other existing areas to help meet booming demand.




 《中英對照讀新聞》Chinese archaeologists unearth 2,400-year-old soup 中國考古學家挖掘出2400年的湯 ◎自由時報 國際新聞中心

The liquid and bones were in a sealed bronze cooking vessel dug up near the ancient capital of Xian - home to the country’s famed terracotta warriors. Tests are being carried out to identify the ingredients. An odourless liquid, believed to be wine, was also found.
在中國著名兵馬俑故鄉古都西安出土的密封銅製烹調器皿中,發現液體與骨頭。裡面的成分正在辨識,這裡同時也發現一種無味的液體,據信應該是酒。

The pots were discovered in a tomb being excavated to make way for an extension to the local airport."It’s the first discovery of bone soup in Chinese archaeological history," the newspaper quoted Liu Daiyun of the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology as saying."The discovery will play an important role in studying the eating habits and culture of the Warring States Period(475-221BC)

."這些罐子是為了挪出道路擴建當地機場而挖路時,在一個墓穴中發現。報紙引述山西省考古研究院的劉呆運報導:「這是中國考古史上首度發現有骨頭的湯。這項發現將在研究戰國時代飲食習慣與文化方面扮演重要角色。」
The scientists said the tomb could have held the body of either a member of the land-owning class or a low-ranking military officer, the report said.報告說,科學家指出,這個墓穴可能埋葬地主階級或是低階將官的屍體。

In 1974, the terracotta army was found there at the burial site of Qin Shihuang, China’s first emperor. He presided over the unification of China in 221BC and ruled until 210BC.1974年,兵馬俑在秦始皇的墓地出土。秦始皇是中國第一位皇帝,在西元前221年統治統一的中國,統治直到西元前210年。

2012年6月5日 星期二

Narita Airport 要什麼 有什麼

photoTasuna Hashimoto, right, helps dress a departing passenger at Narita Airport in Narita, Chiba Prefecture, on April 20 as other members of the women's division of the Narita UNESCO Association look on. (Shigehiro Saito)

NARITA, Chiba Prefecture -- For departing foreign visitors who want to experience Japanese culture one last time, make sure you leave from Narita Airport.

2012年6月4日 星期一

阿姆斯特丹,1972: 流浪者計畫, since 2005


1972年,歐洲。
那是林懷民首度的「流浪之旅」,第一站,就飛到了阿姆斯特丹,荷蘭的首都,世界有名的「毒都」。在機場的大看板下,他定住了!那巨幅的 看板提供了各種資訊:「如果你想找住的地方,可以到★★;如果你有性病,可以聯絡★★;如果你有墮胎的問題,可以找★★;如果你吸毒出了問題,可以打★★ 電話。」
他既震撼又感動。「這個城市,它『面對』它的問題,堂皇光明地告訴你,如何處理這些問題。」

那是嬉皮的年代,全球的年輕人開始「大串連」。他搭乘的飛機上,就有一個個長髮與鬍鬚飛揚的不羈嬉皮們,要到各地流浪。

流浪者計畫

www.cloudgate.org.tw/wanderer/index.htm - 頁庫存檔

流浪者的故事


流浪者」能夠踏出步伐,夢想起飛,衷心感謝企業及朋友的贊助:. 施振 ...

少年懷民的流浪


1972年,歐洲。 那是林懷民首度的「流浪之旅」,第一站,就飛到了阿 ...

流浪者計畫


◎獎助對象 資格一:啟蒙組 1982年1月1日(含)以後出生,具中華民國 ...

錄取者名單


2012年第八屆【流浪者計畫】獲選名單. 陳婉寧北京自然之友、低碳家 ...

München, Munich ,慕尼黑、明興、民顕、明星

 
最近說過,Wikipedia 對於下兩網頁撰寫幫助很大:
我發現20年代湯元吉譯《春醒》1925/28.--台北市.--商務印書館.--60[1971]  .--臺一版,的確採用「明星」,不是其它。




偉強

請問明星是德國那一城市? 
1926年(於德國明星) 的歌德克拉維歌 Clavigo 序言末  湯元吉感謝沈怡(君怡)幫他校過一遍

應該是  München 慕尼黑, 早期翻譯為明星( München 德文發音),  慕尼黑 (Munich) 為英文發音翻的反而不好.

偉強

Wikipedia

ミュンヘン(標準ドイツ語München, バイエルン語Minga〔ミンガ〕、ミュンヘン方言:Münchn〔ミュンヒン〕は、ドイツ南部の都市で、バイエルン州州都である。ヨーロッパ有数の世界都市
ミュンヘンという名は僧院という意味で、ドイツ語で僧を表す「メンヒ」に由来する。漢字表記は「民顕」。"che" の部分の無声硬口蓋摩擦音 [ç] の音写を表すために、[hə]/[xə] の発音を示す「ヘ」ではなく、[çə] の発音を示す「ヒェ」を用い、「ミュンヒェン」とも表記される。また "" の発音は正確には「ミュ」ではなく、[mʏ] であり、[ʊ] の形に唇を開き、[ɪ] と発音した音に近い。
同じ上部ドイツ語に属するアレマン語では、Münche(ミュンヒェ/ミュンキェ)と表記される。
英語フランス語では Munich(英語:ミューニック[mjú:nik]/仏語:ミュニク[mynik])、イタリア語では Monacoモナコ公国との区別のために、「バイエルンの」という意味の語をつけてMonaco di Baviera, モナコ・ディ・バヴィエラ)と呼ばれる。




中文

慕尼黑德文München)是德國巴伐利亞州的首府。2006年人口為130萬[1],是德國南部第一大城,全德國第三大城市(僅次於柏林漢堡);都會區人口達到270萬。
慕尼黑位於德國南部阿爾卑斯山北麓的伊薩爾河畔,是德國主要的經濟、文化、科技和交通中心之一,也是歐洲最繁榮的城市之一。慕尼黑同時又保留著原巴伐利亞王國都城的古樸風情,因此被人們稱作「百萬人的村莊」。

 慕尼黑另外的譯名:明興。例子:Universität München(德國明興大學)

 English

 Munich (play /ˈmjuːnɪk/; (German: München, pronounced [ˈmʏnçən] ( listen)[2], Bavarian: Minga) is the capital and the largest city of the German state of Bavaria. It is located on the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, behind Berlin and Hamburg. About 1.42 million people live within the city limits. Munich hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics.






Museums

The Deutsches Museum or German Museum, located on an island in the River Isar, is one of the oldest and largest science museums in the world. Three redundant exhibition buildings which are under a protection order were converted to house the Verkehrsmuseum, which houses the land transport collections of the Deutsches Museum. Deutsches Museum's Flugwerft Schleissheim flight exhibition centre is located nearby, on the Schleissheim Special Landing Field. Several non-centralised museums (many of those are public collections at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität) show the expanded state collections of palaeontology, geology, mineralogy,[17] zoology, botany and anthropology.
The city has several important art galleries, most of which can be found in the Kunstareal, including the Alte Pinakothek, the Neue Pinakothek, the Pinakothek der Moderne and the Museum Brandhorst. Alte Pinakothek's monolithic structure contains a treasure trove of the works of European masters between the 14th and 18th centuries. The collection reflects the eclectic tastes of the Wittelsbachs over four centuries, and is sorted by schools over two sprawling floors. Major displays include Albrecht Dürer's Christ-like Self-Portrait, his Four Apostles, Raphael's paintings The Canigiani Holy Family and Madonna Tempi as well as Peter Paul Rubens two-storey-high Judgment Day. The gallery houses one of the world's most comprehensive Rubens collections. Before World War I, the Blaue Reiter group of artists worked in Munich. Many of their works can now be seen at the Lenbachhaus. An important collection of Greek and Roman art is held in the Glyptothek and the Staatliche Antikensammlung (State Antiquities Collection). King Ludwig I managed to acquire such famous pieces as the Medusa Rondanini, the Barberini Faun and figures from the Temple of Aphaea on Aegina for the Glyptothek. The Kunstareal will be further augmented by the completion of the Egyptian Museum.
The famous gothic Morris dancers of Erasmus Grasser are exhibited in the Munich City Museum in the old gothic arsenal building in the inner city.
Another area for the arts next to the Kunstareal is the Lehel quarter between the old town and the river Isar: The State Museum of Ethnology in Maximilianstrasse is the second largest collection in Germany of artifacts and objects from outside Europe, while the Bavarian National Museum and the adjoining Bavarian State Archaeological Collection in Prinzregentenstrasse rank among Europe's major art and cultural history museums. The nearby Schackgalerie is an important gallery of German 19th century paintings.
The former Dachau concentration camp is 16 kilometres outside the city.

Arts and literature

Munich is a major European cultural centre and has played host to many prominent composers including Orlando di Lasso, W.A. Mozart, Carl Maria von Weber, Richard Wagner, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Max Reger and Carl Orff. With the Munich Biennale founded by Hans Werner Henze, and the A*DEvantgarde festival, the city still contributes to modern music theatre.
The Nationaltheater where several of Richard Wagner's operas had their premieres under the patronage of Ludwig II of Bavaria is the home of the Bavarian State Opera and the Bavarian State Orchestra. Next door the modern Residenz Theatre was erected in the building that had housed the Cuvilliés Theatre before World War II. Many operas were staged there, including the premiere of Mozart's "Idomeneo" in 1781. The Gärtnerplatz Theatre is a ballet and musical state theatre while another opera house the Prinzregententheater has become the home of the Bavarian Theatre Academy. The modern Gasteig center houses the Munich Philharmonic Orchestra. The third orchestra in Munich with international importance is the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. Its primary concert venue is the Herkulesaal in the former city royal residence, the Residenz. A stage for shows, big events and musicals is the Deutsche Theater.

The Golden Friedensengel
Next to the Bavarian Staatsschauspiel in the Residenz Theatre (Residenztheater), the Munich Kammerspiele in the Schauspielhaus is one of the most important German language theatres in the world. Since Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's premieres in 1775 many important writers have staged their plays in Munich such as Christian Friedrich Hebbel, Henrik Ibsen and Hugo von Hofmannsthal.
The city is known as the second largest publishing center in the world (around 250 publishing houses have offices in the city), and many national and international publications are published in Munich, such as Matchless Magazine, LAXMag and Prinz.
Prominent literary figures worked in Munich especially during the final centuries of the Kingdom of Bavaria such as Paul Heyse, Max Halbe, Rainer Maria Rilke and Frank Wedekind. The period immediately before World War I saw economic and cultural prominence for the city. Munich, and especially its suburb of Schwabing, became the domicile of many artists and writers. Thomas Mann, who also lived there, wrote ironically in his novella Gladius Dei about this period, "Munich shone". It remained a centre of cultural life during the Weimar period with figures such as Lion Feuchtwanger, Bertolt Brecht and Oskar Maria Graf. In 1919 the Bavaria Film Studios were founded.
From the Gothic to the Baroque era, the fine arts were represented in Munich by artists like Erasmus Grasser, Jan Polack, Johann Baptist Straub, Ignaz Günther, Hans Krumpper, Ludwig von Schwanthaler, Cosmas Damian Asam, Egid Quirin Asam, Johann Baptist Zimmermann, Johann Michael Fischer and François de Cuvilliés. Munich had already become an important place for painters like Carl Rottmann, Lovis Corinth, Wilhelm von Kaulbach, Carl Spitzweg, Franz von Lenbach, Franz von Stuck and Wilhelm Leibl when Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), a group of expressionist artists, was established in Munich in 1911. The city was home to the Blue Rider's painters Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, Alexej von Jawlensky, Gabriele Münter, Franz Marc, August Macke and Alfred Kubin.

2012年6月1日 星期五

Guangdong : An integrated southern China services hub?

Asia business: An integrated southern China services hub?
May 28th 2012
FROM THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT

When the reform and opening-up period launched in the early 1980s, Guangdong became the epicentre of the manufacturing boom that led China to become the export powerhouse that it is today. The province is now at the centre of the next wave of reforms aimed at rebalancing the economy away from manufacturing and towards services. Hong Kong's proximity to Guangdong means that it will play a central role in this shift, while nearby Macau will benefit too.
Local planners eye the emergence of an advanced economy spanning services and manufacturing, with Hong Kong's financial prowess at its heart. Business links are already very strong, especially in manufacturing, and services links are strengthening as well. An array of special zones has been set up, with the aim of allowing Hong Kong's financial and logistics services to spill over into dedicated areas of Guangdong. Such developments will help Guangdong in its quest to become an advanced manufacturing and services economy, but its ultimate success will depend on its ability to overcome shortcomings in labour resources.

Services liberalisation
Guangdong is the largest provincial economy in China, with GDP in 2011 of Rmb5.3trn (US$835bn at the current exchange rate). The province's rise has been achieved on the back of manufacturing investment from Hong Kong. In the period 1979-2010 Hong Kong companies invested US$155.9bn in Guangdong, a figure that amounted to 61.5% of the total foreign direct investment received by the province.
However, it has become increasingly evident that the comparative advantages that turned Guangdong into a low-cost manufacturing hub are gradually disappearing. The province's wealth has driven up local prices, encouraging investors to relocate capacity to inland China, where land and labour costs are cheaper. The migrant workers who previously flocked to cities such as Shenzhen, Dongguan and Foshan are increasingly finding work closer to home, squeezing labour supply and applying further upward pressure on wages. The sluggishness of global trade in recent years has also weakened Guangdong's position; the province achieved real GDP growth of 10% in 2011, far below the rates achieved prior to 2008-09. Guangdong remains China's biggest exporter, but it is coming under growing pressures to implement structural reforms in its economy.
The provincial authorities have long been aware of such weaknesses, and already have in train various plans aimed at diversifying the local economy away from exports, many of which are focused around co-operation with Hong Kong. Integrating services with its neighbour is a current priority. While much of Hong Kong's investment in Guangdong has been related to manufacturing, recent rounds of negotiations under the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) between Hong Kong and China have created new opportunities for services. Under the latest agreement, which came into force on April 1st, Hong Kong insurance companies are permitted to open wholly owned insurance agencies in Guangdong. Under earlier agreements, Hong Kong companies are permitted to set up wholly owned hospitals and clinics as well. By late 2011, some 12 Hong Kong-invested clinics had been established. Guangdong is often used as a pilot zone for liberalisation measures announced under CEPA.
Another example of healthcare integration is the opening of the Shenzhen Binhai Hospital, also known as the University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, this year. Arrangements for mutual recognition of the qualifications of services professionals will also underpin services development and integration across the region. Integration is still in its early stages—some Hong Kong professionals have claimed that in practice it is still difficult to qualify to work in Guangdong: only a handful of doctors have managed to gain the appropriate licensing.
Such problems might be ironed out eventually, as the Chinese vice-premier, Li Keqiang, has indicated that China's services market will be fully opened to Hong Kong by 2017. It is likely that services companies expanding onto the mainland will first dip their toes in Guangdong as a geographically and culturally more familiar region, leading to greater services integration across the Pearl River Delta economy as whole.

New zones
Three new special zones in Guangdong are being established to support services integration across the region. The new zones are very much incipient. But they are well-located, close to world markets, and benefit from a unique range of preferential policies. Each of the new zones gives a high priority to services investment, pointing to Guangdong's likely emergence as an advanced economy over the next decade or two.
The Qianhai zone is situated within Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, and has been designated for the development of financial services, logistical services, technology and information services—in other words, the types of services in which Hong Kong is already strong. The idea is to create a spillover region in Shenzhen where Hong Kong service providers can expand across the border. Qianhai's development will be boosted by recent press reports that Hong Kong banks will be permitted to make direct loans within the zone, and Hong Kong companies will be able to get renminbi-denominated loans from Chinese banks in the area.

The details have yet to be fleshed out, but this indicates that Qianhai may play a role in piloting the gradual opening of China's capital account. Investment in Qianhai will be encouraged by regulations allowing Hong Kong and overseas professionals working within the zone to pay Hong Kong's low rates of income tax, rather than China's much higher marginal rates.
Another new zone is Hengqin, directly adjacent to Macau, which will allow Macau's gaming, tourism and leisure industries to expand into the much more spacious territory of Hengqin Island. The University of Macau is also opening a campus on Hengqin, accessible only from the Macau side. Hong Kong and Macau residents are also being offered Hong Kong/Macau rates of tax, and corporations setting up on Hengqin will pay a preferential 15% rate of tax, rather than the more generally applicable 25% rate. Hengqin, which is much larger than Qianhai, will also be a special customs zone, where goods imported for processing on Hengqin are exempt from import duty, as long as those goods are not shipped elsewhere in China. The zone remains tiny. Hengqin New Area was set up in 2009 with a population of only 3,000, although government plans have outlined ambitious hopes that Hengqin could be a thriving city of 280,000 by 2020.
Finally, the Nansha New Area has been set up on a spur of land very central to the Pearl River, lying between Macau and Shenzhen. The area is connected by express ferry to Hong Kong, and will focus on high-end services, as well as port services, tourism, leisure and advanced manufacturing. Preferential policies once again include a 15% tax rate as well as tax incentives for Hong Kong professionals working in the zone and matching funding for technology projects. The encouragement of high-end manufacturing represents an attempt by Guangdong province to move up the value chain and away from labour-intensive investments, which are increasingly moving to cheaper locales elsewhere in China.

New links
The strengthening of transport and communications links between the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Guangdong will facilitate further integration, while allowing Hong Kong to maintain its entrepôt role. Such plans include the ongoing construction of the three-way Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau bridge, which should be open to traffic in 2016. An express railway from Hong Kong to Guangzhou via Shenzhen is also under construction, for completion in 2015. This will not only shorten journey times from Hong Kong to Guangzhou to 48 minutes, but will also connect Hong Kong up with China's national network of high-speed railways. The existing inter-city rail link between Guangzhou and Zhuhai is also to be extended to Macau. Other plans that may be implemented include a rail link between the Hong Kong and Shenzhen airports.

An integrated regional economy?
Guangdong, given its strong links to the global economy, will find it easier than most other parts of the country to move up the value chain. Nevertheless, it must solve a number of daunting challenges if it is to do so. The population is starting to age, which will become increasingly apparent as inflows of young migrant workers slow. It also lacks the high-quality personnel required to sustain an advanced economy because educational services are insufficiently developed. This means Guangdong will not have the workers needed to meet demand in some sectors prioritised by the government, such as pharmaceuticals and renewable energy. For such reasons, the type of services in which Hong Kong has long specialised—from financial services to healthcare—can serve a useful purpose.

The growing transport links across the Pearl River Delta also point to growing regional integration, facilitating movements of goods and services in the region. The provincial government hopes that such developments will enable Guangdong to eventually emerge as a world-class advanced manufacturing-services hub. Hong Kong will play an important role in this transition, but its success will also rest on how Guangdong confronts more fundamental questions about its political economy, such as those relating to demography and education.

Economist Intelligence Unit
Source: Economist Intelligence Unit
©The Economist Newspaper Limited 2012

GDP達8000億!中國廣東轉型服務業


2012-06 Web only 作者:吳凱琳
相關關鍵字:
廣東2011年GDP達8350億美元,也是中國最大的省級經濟體。廣東崛起靠的是來自香港的投資,1979-2010年,香港企業在廣東的投資額達1559億美元,佔外國直接投資的61.5%。
不過,廣東在低成本製造上的競爭優勢已逐漸消失。財富推升了價格,促使投資人轉往中國內陸;移民勞工減少,當地勞力吃緊,薪資上升壓力更增一層。廣東仍是中國最大的出口重鎮,但進行結構性改革的壓力也越來越大。
中國副總理李克強曾暗示,中國的服務市場將於2017年對香港完全開放;由於香港與廣東在地理和文化都比較接近,服務企業跨足第一步可能就是廣東,這也有助整合珠江三角洲經濟體。
廣 東設立了三個特區以支持服務業整合及價值鏈升級;這些地區尚在起步階段,但地點良好、鄰近全球市場,也有各項政策性優惠。強化香港與廣東間的交通與通訊連 結,將使讓整合更進一步,並維持香港的中心地位;這些計畫包括港珠澳大橋、廣深港高鐵等。廣深港高鐵通車後,不但可以縮短車程,也讓香港得以連結中國的高 速鐵路網。
廣東與全球經濟的連結緊密,朝價值鏈上方移動也會比其他地區容易,但廣東還是得先通過一系列重大挑戰,例如人口老化、高品質人才 不足等。珠江三角洲區域整合將帶動貨品和服務流通,當地政府也希望這樣的發展可以讓廣東成為世界級的先進製造樞鈕;香港會扮演重要角色,但廣東能否解決人 口、教育等問題,亦是成敗的重要關鍵。(黃維德譯)