On February 12th 1947 General Aung San, the father of independent Burma, signed the Panglong agreement with representatives of the Shan, Chin and Kachin people—three of the largest of the many non-Burman ethnic groups that today make up about two-fifths of Myanmar’s population http://econ.st/19JSEda
Low-level fighting between Myanmar’s army and Kachin rebels is common. Meanwhile, mob violence against Muslim Rohingyas in the western state of Arakan points to further conflicthttp://econ.st/19JSEda
In Myanmar, Sailing in the Wake of Kipling and Orwell
By MIKE IVES
Luxury river cruises hint at the country's colonial past as well as the change it is undergoing today.
| 藍色系 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 愛麗絲藍 | 天藍色 | 藍色 | 蔚藍色 | 天青藍 | 鈷藍色 | 矢車菊藍 | 深藍色 | 丹寧布色 | 道奇藍 | 靛青色 | 國際奇連藍 | ||
| 薰衣草色 | 午夜藍 | 海軍藍 | 長春花色 | 波斯藍 | 粉末藍 | 普魯士藍 | 皇室藍 | 青玉色 | 鋼青色 | 群青色 | 淺藍色 | ||
http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/o/orwell/george/o79b/chapter1.html
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Burmese Days | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Author(s) | George Orwell |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |
| Genre(s) | Novel |
| Publisher | Harper & Brothers (US) |
| Publication date | October 1934 |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| Pages | 300 |
| ISBN | 978-0-141-18537-8 |
Because of concerns that the novel might be potentially libellous, that Katha was described too realistically, and that some of the characters might be based on real people, it was first published "further afield", in the United States. A British edition, with altered names, appeared a year later. When it was published in the 1930s Orwell's harsh portrayal of colonial society was felt by "some old Burma hands" to have "rather let the side down." In a letter of 1946, Orwell said "I dare say it's unfair in some ways and inaccurate in some details, but much of it is simply reporting what I have seen." [3]
Katha Journal
In Myanmar, Valuing an Isolated Orwellian Link
May 27, 2013
傑沙日誌
喬治·奧威爾的「緬甸歲月」
2013年05月27日
Aung Shine Oo for The New York Times
傑沙的英國人俱樂部。在喬治·奧威爾的小說《緬甸歲月》(Burmese Days)中，男性角色們會在這裡消磨時光。The British Club in Katha, where male characters of George Orwell's
"Burmese Days" lounged and drank tumblers of whiskey and gin. It now
houses offices of a cooperative association.
緬甸傑沙——在浩瀚的伊洛瓦底江江畔的這片前殖民邊疆，喬
治·奧威爾(George Orwell)創作了他的第一部小說《緬甸歲月》(Burmese
Days)，深刻地描繪了英國殖民者的專橫態度。他筆下的粗野人物在僅限白人的俱樂部里暴飲威士忌，並在潮濕的酷熱中萎靡不振。從曼德勒駛來的火車緩緩駛
過叢林，為這裡提供了一條連接外部世界的生命線。
英國人早已離開，但在書中化名為「凱奧克他達」(Kyauktada)的傑沙，依然像以往一樣閉塞地存在着，這是緬甸北部地勢起伏的地區里最具挑戰、難以到達的地點之一。
奧威爾曾作為帝國警察部隊(Imperial
Police
Force)的警官在緬甸的不同地方待了5年，直到1927年在傑沙結束了自己的緬甸時光。在這兒的一棟寬敞的兩層木結構建築里，有着壁爐和曾經優雅的樓
梯，這裡依然有着奧威爾的氣息。雖然牆上的油漆已經剝落，室內也覆滿了灰塵。奧威爾的僕人為他做飯所用的室外廚房已經變成一片廢墟，屋頂已不見蹤影，枯葉
也堆在地板上。一名政府官員的家人佔據了一座附屬建築，並把他們洗的衣服掛在正門外。
這座小鎮擁有23830名居民，就像英國人一樣，這裡的地
方政府喜歡維持精確記錄。這裡的大多數人似乎不熟悉奧威爾。尼奧哥南(Nyo Ko
Naing)是一名漫畫家和平面設計師，他說，統治緬甸的軍政府讚賞《緬甸歲月》中的反帝國主義精神，但此書的緬甸譯本相當稀缺。尼奧哥南加入了一小撮當
地的奧威爾愛好者，鼓勵當局修復房屋及其荒廢的花園。這裡的花園面積達3英畝（約合1.2公頃），裡面長着雞蛋花和火焰樹。
上個月，一名該省首府的部長來看過這間房子。尼奧哥南在他妻子的餐廳里掛起奧威爾紀念物的照片來吸引人們的興趣。在展品之中，有一張《緬甸歲月》老版書的封面，上面有一個英國人懶散地躺着，他的狗舒適地趴在他身邊的凳子上。一名可憐的緬甸僕人站在後面，為他的主人扇扇子。
「我們還未從政府得到正式的答覆，」尼奧哥南說。「但我們希望他們會修復它。」
來自海外的忠實的奧威爾讀者零散地乘坐着往來在伊洛瓦底江上的不定期遊船來到傑沙。另一個選擇是從靠近中國邊境的八莫出發，經過6個小時極度顛簸的旅程抵達傑沙，這意味着穿越100英里（約合161公里）滿是泥土和石頭的坑窪路途，速度就像1927年的火車一樣緩慢。
野生動物走私販願意把旅客從八莫帶往傑沙，價格是350美元（約合2146元人民幣）往返，這比大多數國內航班的票價都要貴。這個價格如此之高是因為人會代替走私販的通常乘客：裝在木箱中準備運往中國的肥大緬甸眼鏡蛇。
沉甸甸地載滿了為中國買家準備的大量非法柚木的摩托車車隊是唯一的過往車輛。
這本小說多處提到了奧威爾所說的「木材榨取」，而曾經吸引英國人前往緬甸的森林，已經因為猖獗的非法砍伐而大範圍消亡了。一片低矮的灌木和新種植的橡膠樹足以證實這一點。奧威爾時期的那些依在樹榦上、掛在屋檐下令人讚歎的野蘭花現在也已經絕跡。
在傑沙，有一些事情絲毫沒變。奧威爾寫到過一個早市，在那裡，「柚子掛在繩上，仿似綠色的月亮」，「綁成捆的脆魚乾」，「切開的鴨子像火腿般熏好」，還有「柳條籠子里唧唧叫的小雞」。
這種多樣性依然存在。近來的一個早晨，市場上有一隻只紫色的圓茄子，成筐的淡綠色酸豆葉子，五種棕色的蘑菇，一條條的黃色竹筍，深紅色的小辣椒，成堆的荔枝，七箱棕色、黃褐色和白色的大小不一的雞蛋。賣心形綠色檳榔葉的小販生意很興旺。
奧威爾時代那種「大如龍蝦的紫紅色明蝦」卻無處尋覓。
「我們只有偶爾能拿到，」魚販馬埃(Ma Nge)一邊說一邊在一塊木板上切鯰魚，魚的血滲滿她的手指。蒼蠅爬在她櫃檯上一排排擺放的魚上，她的丈夫耶敏特(Ye Myint)拿一件濕漉漉的T恤驅趕它們。
奧威爾通過他筆下最年輕的一個人物說明了在緬甸的英國監工
的勢利和無知，那就是22歲的天真的伊麗莎白·拉克斯廷(Elizabeth
Lackersteen)，她到這裡的時候金髮剪成伊頓式髮型，這是20世紀20年代末的一種流行款式，戴着時髦的玳瑁殼眼鏡，一心想在這裡找個丈夫。
弗洛里(Flory)是一個英國木材商，一側臉上有一塊胎記，他是書中唯一一個對緬甸人展示同理心的人物，他鄙視英國人俱樂部里的酗酒者和令人厭煩的人。弗洛里愛上了伊麗莎白。
他努力讓她對本地文化產生興趣，帶她去看皮威戲(pwe)，這是一種在大街上點着煤氣燈演出的戲劇。她因「氣味難聞的本地人」而退縮了，她還將多數事情冠以「齷齪的」一詞，更樂於懶散地待在有着「印花棉布和枯花」香氣的客廳里。
伊麗莎白最喜歡去的地方是英國人俱樂部，那裡的男人們穿着
卡其布短褲、戴着軟木帽，斥責緬甸僕人沒有為他們一杯杯的威士忌和金酒準備足夠的冰塊。俱樂部是一個樸素的錫頂建築，從奧威爾的房子走過去很近，至今仍屹
立在那裡。沿途，小說中提到的網球場已經改造成硬地球場，39歲的郭托(Ko Toe)是一名職業教練，每天早上和傍晚教課。
了不起的是，一本跨度從1874年到1949年的官方日誌原稿記下了很多從英國人到達緬甸到1948年緬甸獨立他們離開所發生的事，這本日誌以緬甸文字寫成，手寫字體細長而有稜角，幾乎記錄了每天發生的事。
它的紙張已經因為歲月和高溫而捲起，墨水也已褪色。但它其中有關薪水、運輸費用和喬治五世(George V)1910年5月繼承英國王位的記錄依然清晰可見。
在小說中，伊麗莎白拒絕了弗洛里，陷於悲傷和憤怒中的弗洛
里對自己開了槍。而伊麗莎白又被維羅爾(Verrall)中尉所拒絕。維羅爾中尉是一名愛玩馬球的年輕軍官，即使用英國人俱樂部的標準來衡量，他都可以算
是粗魯的。在小說的結尾，身形矮胖的地方官、惡棍波金(Po Kyin)得到高升，去了另一個轄區。
「壞人們贏了，」尼奧哥南說。他已經讀了這本小說五遍，從中尋找舊時傑沙的真面目。「我恨那個法官。緬甸軍政府中的每個人都像那個法官一樣。我喜歡弗洛里。他心地善良。」
翻譯：曹莉、林蒙克
KATHA, Myanmar — George Orwell created his first
novel, “Burmese Days,” a scathing portrait of the imperious attitudes of
the British, from this former colonial outpost on the banks of the
mighty Irrawaddy River. His brutish characters swilled too much whiskey
at a whites-only club, and wilted in the vaporous heat. A train that
crawled through the jungle from Mandalay provided a lifeline to the
outside world.
The British have long gone,
but Katha, camouflaged in the book as Kyauktada, survives as isolated
as ever, one of the most tantalizingly difficult places to reach in the
rugged precincts of northern Myanmar, formerly Burma.
The remaining whiff of
Orwell, whose five years at various stations in Burma as an officer of
the Imperial Police Force ended here in 1927, is a spacious two-story
wooden house with fireplaces and a once-elegant staircase. Paint peels
off the walls, and dust coats the interior. The outdoor kitchen where
Orwell’s servants cooked his meals lies in ruin, the roof missing and
dead leaves piled on the floor. The family members of a government
official squat in an annex, and hang their laundry outside the front
door.
Most people in this town of
23,830 — like the British, the local authorities keep precise records —
appear unfamiliar with Orwell. The junta that ruled Myanmar admired the
anti-imperial spirit of “Burmese Days,” but translations in Burmese
were scarce, said Nyo Ko Naing, a cartoonist and graphic designer who
has joined a small group of local Orwell aficionados to encourage the
authorities to restore the house and its unkempt garden, with its three
acres of frangipani and flame trees.
Last month, a minister from
the provincial capital came to inspect the house. Mr. Nyo Ko Naing has
mounted photographs of Orwell memorabilia in his wife’s restaurant to
pique interest. Among the exhibits: an old cover of “Burmese Days” with
an Englishman lounging with his feet up and his dog comfortably resting
on a stool next to him. A forlorn Burmese servant stands behind, waving a
fan to cool his master.
“We don’t have formal word from the government yet,” Mr. Nyo Ko Naing said. “But we hope they will restore it.”
Hardy Orwell readers from
abroad drift into Katha from the occasional leisure cruises that ply the
Irrawaddy. The other option is a jaw-shattering six-hour road trip,
from Bhamo, near the Chinese border, which means traversing 100 miles
over gullies of dirt and rock at a plodding pace like the train in 1927.
Wildlife smugglers are
willing to take passengers from Bhamo to Katha for $350 round trip, more
expensive than most domestic air tickets. The price is steep because
human passengers take the place of the smugglers’ usual fare: fat
Burmese cobras packed in wooden crates for transport to China.
Convoys of motorbikes weighed down with illicit loads of teakwood heading for buyers in China are the only passing traffic.
The novel is full of
references to what Orwell called “wood extraction,” but the forests that
lured the British to Burma have been decimated by rampant illegal
logging. A landscape of low-lying scrub and plantings of new rubber
trees testifies to that. The sublime wild orchids of Orwell’s period —
nestled in tree trunks, hanging from eaves — have vanished.
Some things in Katha remain
intact. Orwell wrote of a dawn market brimming with “pomelos hanging on
strings like green moons,” “brittle dried fish tied in bundles,” “ducks
split open and cured like hams,” and “chickens cheeping in wicker
cages.”
That variety still exists.
On a recent morning, there were globes of mauve aubergine; baskets of
pale green tamarind leaves; five kinds of brown mushrooms; slivers of
yellow bamboo shoots; tiny crimson chilies; pyramids of pink lychees;
and seven crates of different size brown, tawny and white eggs. Hawkers
of heart-shaped green betel leaves did a brisk business.
A missing delicacy from Orwell’s era were the “heliotrope-colored prawns the size of lobsters.”
“We get them only
occasionally,” said Ma Nge, a fish seller, blood oozing through her
fingers from the catfish she was dicing on a wooden board. Flies
clambered over the rows of fish laid out on her counter, as her husband,
Ye Myint, swatted them away with a bedraggled T-shirt.
The snobbery and ignorance
of the British overseers in Burma are exemplified by Orwell’s youngest
creation, a 22-year-old naïf named Elizabeth Lackersteen who arrives
here with her blonde hair bobbed into an Eton crop, the mode of the late
1920s, and wearing fashionable tortoiseshell glasses. She comes in
search of a husband.
Flory, a British timber
merchant with a birthmark down one side of his face, the only character
who shows empathy with the Burmese and who despises the boozers and
bores of the British Club, falls for her.
He tries to interest her in
local culture, taking her to a pwe, a Burmese play performed by
gaslight outdoors on the street. She recoils at the “smelly natives,”
calls most things “beastly” and prefers to laze in a drawing room
perfumed by “chintz and dying flowers.”
Elizabeth’s favorite haunt
is the British Club, where the men wear khaki shorts and topee hats and
berate the Burmese servants for running low on ice for their tumblers of
whiskey and gin. The club, a modest tin-roofed building, still stands, a
short walk from Orwell’s house. En route, the tennis court from the
novel has been modernized with a hard surface, and Ko Toe, 39, a
professional coach, teaches classes mornings and evenings.
Remarkably, an original
official diary dated 1874 to 1949 with almost daily entries in spidery
handwriting in Burmese script tells much of what happened from the time
the British came until after they left at independence in 1948.
The pages are curled from
age and heat, the ink faded. But entries about salaries, costs of
transportation, and George V ascending to the British throne in May 1910
are still legible.
In the novel, Elizabeth
spurns Flory, who, overcome by desolation and rage, shoots himself. In
turn, she is spurned by Lieutenant Verrall, a rude — even by British
Club standards — polo-playing young army officer. At the end of the
novel, the villain, U Po Kyin, an exceptionally rotund magistrate, moves
to another district for a plum job.
“The bad guys win,” said
Mr. Nyo Ko Naing, who has read the novel five times, searching for
authenticity about old Katha. “I hate the judge. All the characters of
the Myanmar military regime share the same character as the judge. I
like Flory. He has a good heart.”
沒有留言:
張貼留言