2020年6月29日 星期一

列支敦斯登親王國 Fürstentum Liechtenstein


列支敦斯登親王國
Fürstentum Liechtenstein 德語
格言:"Für Gott, Fürst und Vaterland"
「為了上帝,親王和祖國」
國歌:
Oben am jungen Rhein
《在年輕的萊茵河上》
選單
0:00
列支敦斯登的位置(綠色) 歐洲(深灰色)  —  [圖例放大]
列支敦斯登的位置(綠色)
歐洲(深灰色)  —  [圖例放大]
列支敦斯登在歐洲的位置
列支敦斯登在歐洲的位置
首都瓦都茲
47°08′28″N 9°31′16″E / 47.141°N 9.521°E
最大城市沙恩
47°10′00″N 9°30′35″E / 47.16667°N 9.50972°E
官方語言德語
宗教羅馬天主教
政府單一制
議會制
君主立憲制
• 親王
漢斯·亞當二世
• 攝政
阿洛伊斯
• 首相
阿德里安·哈斯勒
立法機構議會
獨立(親王國
• 《普雷斯堡和約
1806年7月12日
• 脫離德意志邦聯
1866年
面積
• 總計
160平方公里(第225位
• 水域率
2.7[1]%
人口
• 2017年估計
38,111[2]第190位
• 密度
227/平方公里(第57位
GDPPPP2010年估計
• 總計
$35.45億[3][4]第163位
• 人均
$98,432[2][3][4]第2位
GDP(國際匯率)2010年估計
• 總計
$51.55億[3][4]第147位
• 人均
$143,151[2][3][4]第2位
人類發展指數 0.917[5](2018年)
極高 · 第18位
貨幣瑞士法郎CHF
時區UTC+1CET
• 夏令時
UTC+2CEST
行駛方位靠右
電話區號+423
ISO 3166碼LI
網際網路頂級域.li
列支敦斯登的位置
列支敦斯登在世界上的位置
列支敦斯登親王國(德語:Fürstentum Liechtenstein),也譯作列支敦斯登親王國歐洲中部的內陸小國聯合國區域集團定義為西歐國家),夾在瑞士奧地利兩國間,為世界上僅有的兩個雙重內陸國之一(另一個為烏茲別克)。同時該國也是唯一一個官方語言德語但與德國沒有交界的國家。這個君主立憲制的山區小國,雖然土地狹小兼人口稀少,但卻擁有極高的國民收入水準,其人均國民生產總值高達60,000歐元,是一個以阿爾卑斯山美麗風光、避稅天堂與高生活水準而著稱的富裕小國。

歷史[編輯]

俯瞰首都瓦都茲和萊茵河谷的瓦都茲城堡,今日依然是列支敦斯登親王的官邸。
很久以前,列支敦斯登的領土曾經是羅馬帝國瑞提亞行省的一部分。多個世紀以來,由於這塊領土地理上並不處於歐洲的戰略要地,因此在歐洲歷史上少有影響力。在現今這個王朝統治以前,這個地區曾是連續幾位Hohenems伯爵的封地[6]。列支敦斯登人為阿勒曼尼人的後裔,是在約公元500年以後才到目前的地區定居。
列支敦斯登親王國的名字來源於列支敦斯登王朝,而後者來自遙遠的下奧地利地區的列支敦斯登城堡。列支敦斯登家族至少從1140年開始即擁有此城堡直到13世紀為止,之後從1807年起又重新擁有該城堡。歷經多個世紀,列支敦斯登王朝奪得了大片土地,主要在摩拉維亞下奧地利西里西亞施蒂利亞公國等地。雖然這些領土都是由其他地位更高貴的封建貴族通過采邑制分封的,而其中最主要的就是來自於哈布斯堡王朝,曾經有多位列支敦斯登王子作為王室的親密顧問服務於哈布斯堡王朝。但是由於沒有任何一塊領地是直接屬於其名下,因此列支敦斯登王朝也就沒有資格在神聖羅馬帝國的議會中擁有一席之地。
因為列支敦斯登家族極為熱衷於在帝國政府中的權勢地位,於是就想尋找一塊直屬的土地,即除了神聖羅馬帝國的皇帝之外其他封建主在這塊土地上都沒有任何權利。經過一段時間之後,家族終於得以從Hohenems伯爵手中購買了兩塊采邑施倫貝格莊園的貴族統治權(Schnellerberg,1699年)與瓦都茨郡的伯爵爵位(Vaduz,1712年)。施倫貝格瓦都茲恰好滿足其政治地位的需要——除了他們自己的伯爵主權及宗主皇帝之外不屬於其他封建貴族。
於是在這項買賣正式生效之後,當時神聖羅馬帝國皇帝查理六世在1719年1月23日宣布將許內勒貝格瓦杜茲合併,提升地位為一個獨立的小型親王國Fürstentum),並以其最親近的大臣安東·弗洛里安(Anton Florian of Liechtenstein)賜名為「列支敦斯登」。因而在這一天列支敦斯登才真正成為神聖羅馬帝國的一個主權成員國。為了證明之前對於列支敦斯登的購買完全是出於政治地位的需要,列支敦斯登親王在之後的120多年中沒有踏足一步這塊屬於他們的新親王國。
作為拿破崙戰爭的結果之一,法國皇帝拿破崙一世控制了神聖羅馬帝國,他瓦解了帝國而這對列支敦斯登產生了深遠影響——帝國、法律及政治體系都瓦解了。國家不再對國境之外的任何封建貴族負有責任和義務。現代出版物則普遍(雖然不正確)地將這些事件賦予了列支敦斯登的「主權」屬性。實際上,當時列支敦斯登親王就和其他的宗主貴族一樣僅僅對列支敦斯登擁有宗主權。從1806年7月25日萊茵邦聯成立直到1813年10月19日聯邦解體為止,列支敦斯登親王都是他的「保護者」法國皇帝拿破崙一世的僕人。
之後不久列支敦斯登在1815年舉行的維也納會議後恢復獨立,加入新成立的德意志邦聯(又譯為日耳曼邦聯,1815年6月20日-1866年8月24日,實際上由奧地利皇帝操控)。1868年德意志邦聯瓦解,列支敦斯登解散自己僅有的一支小型軍隊並且宣布該國將轉為永久中立國,這中立地位讓列支敦斯登避過了兩次世界大戰的戰火波及,一直持續到今日。
第一次世界大戰之前列支敦斯登一直與奧地利保持非常密切的關係,但也在戰時因這關係使得該國的經濟元氣大損,而轉而尋求與瑞士成立關稅貨幣同盟,1919年時更進一步將該國的對外關係(國防外交)完全委由瑞士代理,組成一個中立聯盟。與瑞士的這一聯盟使列支敦斯登在第二次世界大戰前和戰爭中免受德國的侵略。
1938年春,在奧地利被併入納粹德國之後不久,84歲的法蘭茲一世退位,提名其31歲的堂侄孫法蘭茲·約瑟夫二世擔任他的繼任者。雖然弗朗茨一世聲稱他是因年老而退位,但是據信真正的原因是他不希望德國吞併列支敦斯登發生在其在位期間。而他於1929年娶的妻子是一位富有的維也納猶太女性,本地的列支敦斯登納粹當時已經將她列為反猶太人的「目標」。雖然列支敦斯登沒有正式的納粹黨,但是同情納粹的運動在其全國聯盟黨內已經壓抑了多年[7]
第二次世界大戰期間,列支敦斯登在保持中立的同時也是少數幾個不承認慕尼黑



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2020年6月26日 星期五

suburbs of the sunbelt



Initially, America's covid-19 cases were in Democratic-voting, non-white urban spaces. Now, they are in the Republican-voting suburbs of the sunbelt



The Sun Belt
The Sun Belt, highlighted in red
Regional statistics
CompositionAlabama Alabama
Arizona Arizona
Arkansas Arkansas
California California
Colorado Colorado
Florida Florida
Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia
Kansas Kansas
Louisiana Louisiana
Mississippi Mississippi
Nevada Nevada
New Mexico New Mexico
North Carolina North Carolina
Oklahoma Oklahoma
South Carolina South Carolina
Texas Texas
Tennessee Tennessee
Utah Utah
DemonymSun Belter
Population
 - Total

 - Density

144,460,016 (2016 est.)[1]
Largest cityLos Angeles (pop. 3,971,883, est. 2015)[2]
Largest Metropolitan AreaGreater Los Angeles (pop. 18,679,763, est. 2016)
The Sun Belt is a region of the United States generally

2020年6月23日 星期二

‘Astonishing Discovery’ 英國巨石陣 Stonehenge之謎或許已經破解 2017/2020 Stonehenge: Neolithic monument found near sacred site


Stonehenge - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, England, 2 miles (3 km) west of Amesbury and 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury. It consists of a ring of ...






Stonehenge: Neolithic monument found near sacred site


StonehengeImage copyrightPA WIRE
Image captionArchaeologists believe the find marks "a new chapter" in Stonehenge's story
A ring of large shafts discovered near Stonehenge form the largest prehistoric monument ever discovered in Britain, archaeologists believe.
Tests carried out on the pits suggest they were excavated by Neolithic people more than 4,500 years ago.
Experts believe the 20 or more shafts may have served as a boundary to a sacred area connected to the henge.
"The size of the shafts and circuit is without precedent in the UK," said Prof Vince Gaffney, a lead researcher.
The 1.2 mile-wide (2km) circle of large shafts measuring more than 10m (30ft) in diameter and 5m (15ft) in depth are significantly larger than any comparable prehistoric monument in Britain.
A team of academics from the universities of St Andrews, Birmingham, Warwick, Bradford, Glasgow and the University of Wales Trinity Saint David worked on the project.
The pits surround the ancient settlement of Durrington Walls, two miles (3km) from Stonehenge, and were discovered using remote sensing technology and sampling.
Aerial shot showing location of discoveriesImage copyrightUNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS/PA WIRE
Image captionYellow dots mark the location of the finds, with Durrington Walls marked as the large brown circle and Stonehenge top left
Prof Gaffney, of the University of Bradford, said the discovery demonstrated "the capacity and desire of Neolithic communities to record their cosmological belief systems in ways, and at a scale, that we had never previously anticipated".
"The area around Stonehenge is amongst the most studied archaeological landscapes on earth," he added.
"It is remarkable that the application of new technology can still lead to the discovery of such a massive prehistoric structure.
"When these pits were first noted, it was thought they might be natural features. Only through geophysical surveys, could we join the dots and see there was a pattern on a massive scale."
Prof Gaffney said a "proper excavation" was required to determine the exact nature of the pits but that the team believed they acted as a boundary, perhaps marking out Durrington Walls as a special place, or emphasising the difference between the Durrington and Stonehenge areas.
Image showing location of shafts near StonehengeImage copyrightUNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS/PA WIRE
Image captionThe shafts surround the known location of Durrington Walls
He said it was difficult to speculate how long they would have taken to create, but using manual stone tools, there would have been "considerable organisation of labour to produce pits on this scale".
"The pits are massive by any estimate. As far as we can tell they are nearly vertical sided; that is we can't see any narrowing that might imply some sort of shaft. Some of the silts suggest relatively slow filling of the pits. In other words they were cut and left open," added Prof Gaffney.
Dr Richard Bates, from St Andrews' School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, said it had given an insight to "an even more complex society than we could ever imagine".
His colleague Tim Kinnaird said sediments from the shafts had allowed archaeologists to "write detailed narratives of the Stonehenge landscape for the last 4,000 years".
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Dr Nick Snashall, National Trust archaeologist for the Stonehenge World Heritage Site, hailed the discovery as "astonishing".
She said: "As the place where the builders of Stonehenge lived and feasted, Durrington Walls is key to unlocking the story of the wider Stonehenge landscape, and this astonishing discovery offers us new insights into the lives and beliefs of our Neolithic ancestors.
"The Hidden Landscapes team have combined cutting-edge, archaeological fieldwork with good old-fashioned detective work to reveal this extraordinary discovery and write a whole new chapter in the story of the Stonehenge landscape."






考古學家對英國巨石陣的研究越是深入,揭開的謎團就越多,但是,一個完整的故事也在顯現。
http://bbc.in/2exQs0I

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