München, Munich ，慕尼黑、明興、民顕、明星

 

最近說過，Wikipedia 對於下兩網頁撰寫幫助很大:

維摩詰所說經

英訳『大明三蔵聖教目録』(南條文雄 (Nanjō Bunyū)),

但是上月討論München, Munich ，慕尼黑、明興、民顕、

我發現20年代湯元吉譯《春醒》1925/28.--台北市.--商務印書館.--民60[1971]  .--臺一版，的確採用「明星」，不是其它。

偉強

請問明星是德國那一城市? 
1926年(於德國明星) 的歌德之克拉維歌 Clavigo 序言末  湯元吉感謝沈怡(君怡)幫他校過一遍

應該是  München 慕尼黑, 早期翻譯為明星( München 德文發音),  慕尼黑 (Munich) 為英文發音翻的反而不好.

偉強

Wikipedia

ミュンヘン（標準ドイツ語：München, バイエルン語：Minga〔ミンガ〕、ミュンヘン方言：Münchn〔ミュンヒン〕は、ドイツ南部の都市で、バイエルン州の州都である。ヨーロッパ有数の世界都市。
ミュンヘンという名は僧院という意味で、ドイツ語で僧を表す「メンヒ」に由来する。漢字表記は「民顕」。"che" の部分の無声硬口蓋摩擦音 [ç] の音写を表すために、[hə]/[xə] の発音を示す「ヘ」ではなく、[çə] の発音を示す「ヒェ」を用い、「ミュンヒェン」とも表記される。また "Mü" の発音は正確には「ミュ」ではなく、[mʏ] であり、[ʊ] の形に唇を開き、[ɪ] と発音した音に近い。
同じ上部ドイツ語に属するアレマン語では、Münche（ミュンヒェ／ミュンキェ）と表記される。
英語やフランス語では Munich（英語：ミューニック[mjú:nik]／仏語：ミュニク[mynik]）、イタリア語では Monaco（モナコ公国との区別のために、「バイエルンの」という意味の語をつけてMonaco di Baviera, モナコ・ディ・バヴィエラ）と呼ばれる。




中文

慕尼黑（德文：München）是德國巴伐利亞州的首府。2006年人口為130萬^[1]，是德國南部第一大城，全德國第三大城市（僅次於柏林和漢堡）；都會區人口達到270萬。
慕尼黑位於德國南部阿爾卑斯山北麓的伊薩爾河畔，是德國主要的經濟、文化、科技和交通中心之一，也是歐洲最繁榮的城市之一。慕尼黑同時又保留著原巴伐利亞王國都城的古樸風情，因此被人們稱作「百萬人的村莊」。

 慕尼黑另外的譯名：明興。例子：Universität München(德國明興大學)

 English

 Munich ( /ˈmjuːnɪk/; (German: München, pronounced [ˈmʏnçən] ( listen)^[2], Bavarian: Minga) is the capital and the largest city of the German state of Bavaria. It is located on the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, behind Berlin and Hamburg. About 1.42 million people live within the city limits. Munich hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics.

Museums

The Deutsches Museum or German Museum, located on an island in the River Isar, is one of the oldest and largest science museums in the world. Three redundant exhibition buildings which are under a protection order were converted to house the Verkehrsmuseum, which houses the land transport collections of the Deutsches Museum. Deutsches Museum's Flugwerft Schleissheim flight exhibition centre is located nearby, on the Schleissheim Special Landing Field. Several non-centralised museums (many of those are public collections at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität) show the expanded state collections of palaeontology, geology, mineralogy,^[17] zoology, botany and anthropology.

The Glyptothek

The city has several important art galleries, most of which can be found in the Kunstareal, including the Alte Pinakothek, the Neue Pinakothek, the Pinakothek der Moderne and the Museum Brandhorst. Alte Pinakothek's monolithic structure contains a treasure trove of the works of European masters between the 14th and 18th centuries. The collection reflects the eclectic tastes of the Wittelsbachs over four centuries, and is sorted by schools over two sprawling floors. Major displays include Albrecht Dürer's Christ-like Self-Portrait, his Four Apostles, Raphael's paintings The Canigiani Holy Family and Madonna Tempi as well as Peter Paul Rubens two-storey-high Judgment Day. The gallery houses one of the world's most comprehensive Rubens collections. Before World War I, the Blaue Reiter group of artists worked in Munich. Many of their works can now be seen at the Lenbachhaus. An important collection of Greek and Roman art is held in the Glyptothek and the Staatliche Antikensammlung (State Antiquities Collection). King Ludwig I managed to acquire such famous pieces as the Medusa Rondanini, the Barberini Faun and figures from the Temple of Aphaea on Aegina for the Glyptothek. The Kunstareal will be further augmented by the completion of the Egyptian Museum.
The famous gothic Morris dancers of Erasmus Grasser are exhibited in the Munich City Museum in the old gothic arsenal building in the inner city.
Another area for the arts next to the Kunstareal is the Lehel quarter between the old town and the river Isar: The State Museum of Ethnology in Maximilianstrasse is the second largest collection in Germany of artifacts and objects from outside Europe, while the Bavarian National Museum and the adjoining Bavarian State Archaeological Collection in Prinzregentenstrasse rank among Europe's major art and cultural history museums. The nearby Schackgalerie is an important gallery of German 19th century paintings.
The former Dachau concentration camp is 16 kilometres outside the city.

Arts and literature

Munich is a major European cultural centre and has played host to many prominent composers including Orlando di Lasso, W.A. Mozart, Carl Maria von Weber, Richard Wagner, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Max Reger and Carl Orff. With the Munich Biennale founded by Hans Werner Henze, and the A*DEvantgarde festival, the city still contributes to modern music theatre.

National Theatre

The Nationaltheater where several of Richard Wagner's operas had their premieres under the patronage of Ludwig II of Bavaria is the home of the Bavarian State Opera and the Bavarian State Orchestra. Next door the modern Residenz Theatre was erected in the building that had housed the Cuvilliés Theatre before World War II. Many operas were staged there, including the premiere of Mozart's "Idomeneo" in 1781. The Gärtnerplatz Theatre is a ballet and musical state theatre while another opera house the Prinzregententheater has become the home of the Bavarian Theatre Academy. The modern Gasteig center houses the Munich Philharmonic Orchestra. The third orchestra in Munich with international importance is the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. Its primary concert venue is the Herkulesaal in the former city royal residence, the Residenz. A stage for shows, big events and musicals is the Deutsche Theater.

The Golden Friedensengel

Next to the Bavarian Staatsschauspiel in the Residenz Theatre (Residenztheater), the Munich Kammerspiele in the Schauspielhaus is one of the most important German language theatres in the world. Since Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's premieres in 1775 many important writers have staged their plays in Munich such as Christian Friedrich Hebbel, Henrik Ibsen and Hugo von Hofmannsthal.
The city is known as the second largest publishing center in the world (around 250 publishing houses have offices in the city), and many national and international publications are published in Munich, such as Matchless Magazine, LAXMag and Prinz.
Prominent literary figures worked in Munich especially during the final centuries of the Kingdom of Bavaria such as Paul Heyse, Max Halbe, Rainer Maria Rilke and Frank Wedekind. The period immediately before World War I saw economic and cultural prominence for the city. Munich, and especially its suburb of Schwabing, became the domicile of many artists and writers. Thomas Mann, who also lived there, wrote ironically in his novella Gladius Dei about this period, "Munich shone". It remained a centre of cultural life during the Weimar period with figures such as Lion Feuchtwanger, Bertolt Brecht and Oskar Maria Graf. In 1919 the Bavaria Film Studios were founded.
From the Gothic to the Baroque era, the fine arts were represented in Munich by artists like Erasmus Grasser, Jan Polack, Johann Baptist Straub, Ignaz Günther, Hans Krumpper, Ludwig von Schwanthaler, Cosmas Damian Asam, Egid Quirin Asam, Johann Baptist Zimmermann, Johann Michael Fischer and François de Cuvilliés. Munich had already become an important place for painters like Carl Rottmann, Lovis Corinth, Wilhelm von Kaulbach, Carl Spitzweg, Franz von Lenbach, Franz von Stuck and Wilhelm Leibl when Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), a group of expressionist artists, was established in Munich in 1911. The city was home to the Blue Rider's painters Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, Alexej von Jawlensky, Gabriele Münter, Franz Marc, August Macke and Alfred Kubin.