Volga Bulgaria (10th to early 13th centuries) was the only Muslim state in Eastern Europe before 1300. For several centuries, it operated as a bridge between the Christian West and the Muslim East. As such, it is widely believed that the colossal transit of oriental silver coin through the state was the foundation of the Bulgar economy while Islam consolidated statehood in the Middle Volga region.

Drawing on the rich archaeological record, Konstantin Rudenko argues against this view, demonstrating that the Bulgar culture was instead formed on the basis of its own resources. The Bulgars thus represent a unique example of relatively rapid change from nomadism to sedentism and urbanization, with no significant influence from neighboring, developed states. 

👉 https://brill.ws/rudenko