倫敦以金融業和房地產著稱,如今利用低房價在老舊城區打造“矽穀”,扶持技術創新成為新的支柱產業。
[紮堆兒“矽環島”]
技術企業紮堆兒的倫敦“矽穀”小有曆史,不過那裡的創業者更願意稱當地為“矽環島”。
這源於諾基亞前軟件工程師馬特・比達爾夫的一句玩笑話。從諾基亞離職後,比達爾夫在倫敦老街附近成立旅遊社交網站,和幾個創業者朋友出入於附近環島地帶。他在推特上留言稱此地為“矽環島”,倫敦技術創新中心因此得名。
“矽環島”雖然地段偏遠,但房租更便宜,交通便利,輕鬆直達金融城、西區和金絲雀碼頭等金融商業中心。與金融城西裝革履迥異風格相比,“矽環島”閑適輕鬆氛圍更符合技術創業者的脾胃。
如今,這裏已成為倫敦技術創業核心地帶,排在舊金山矽穀和紐約之後,號稱世界第三大技術企業集群區。根據官方數據,截至2013年3月,在“矽環島”註冊的企業達到了1.57萬家,遠遠超過英國任何其他地方。從這裏延伸開的倫敦技術城,星羅棋佈著成千上萬家創業企業。
對於創業者而言,“矽環島”不僅是辦公室,更是一個吸引同道中人的俱樂部。在這裏,他們摩擦出靈感,發現新的創業機會。
Google校園也座落於此。“這不僅僅是一座建築物,更是一個企業家們同呼吸、共命運的社區,”Google校園主管埃澤・維特拉說:“在這裏的咖啡館里呆上一週,你的名片就會發完。你會碰到很多人,可能是和你一起創業的人,也可能是你的下一個投資人,還可能是一位重要客戶,將改變你公司的命運。”
[打造“技術之都”]
為讓原有的產業集群更具規模,英國首相戴維・卡梅倫曾提出“迷你矽穀”規劃,把從老街、肖爾迪奇向東延伸到奧林匹克公園的區域建造成高技術產業中心,命名為“東倫敦技術城”。
政府投入4億英鎊發展技術城,製定優惠政策並確保把新建築中的一部分空間用作孵化區。思科、英特爾、亞馬遜、推特、高通、“臉書”和Google等大企業也進駐當地。巴克萊銀行等金融機構則開展針對創業企業的特殊融資服務。僅2011年,就有200多家技術企業把總部落戶到技術城。
倫敦政府為此牽頭建立了一支9人“倫敦技術大使團隊”,在全世界為技術城招商引資。為了幫助創業者,政府放鬆管製,例如:給予小企業稅收優惠,減免研發資金賦稅,發放企業家簽證吸引海外投資者等等。
牛津經濟學雜誌的數據顯示,倫敦現在大約有4萬多家數字信息公司,從業人員達到20萬人,自2010年以來新增1.2萬家,漲幅為46%,這一數字預計在十年內將突破5萬。
[炒作還是現實?]
英國政府大張旗鼓打造技術城已經過去5年,一撥撥創業者如潮水般湧來又退去,但尚未出現能匹敵“臉書”、Google或者Apple之類的當地企業。“矽環島”究竟是曇花一現還是倫敦新的支柱產業,尚無定論。
知名風險投資人西蒙・庫克對“矽環島”不以為然。“東倫敦搞的這些東西有點本末倒置,整個倫敦到處都是創新,而且實際上離這兒1小時車程的劍橋和牛津都有令人難以置信的技術,”他說。
開發Android輸入法應用Swiftkey的公司坐落在倫敦南部的一幢大型建築里。然而,公司創始人之一本・梅德洛克也忍不住給“矽環島”潑冷水。他解釋,公司選址於此,不過因為這裏離兩位創始人的家距離一樣遠。
實際上,由於熱炒“矽環島”概念,這裏的房租越來越貴,已經令眾多創業者們難以承受。與舊金山相比,英國打造新矽穀的雄心確實有著根本性局限,例如本土市場相對較小、缺少車庫文化、移民政策偏於保守、生活成本高昂等等。(袁原)
East London Tech City (also known as Tech City or Silicon Roundabout) is a technology cluster located in Central and EastLondon.[1][2][3] It broadly occupies the part of London's East End between Old Street (the boundary of Central and East London) and the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford,[1] with its locus in the Shoreditch area. It is the third-largest technology startup cluster in the world after San Francisco and New York City.[4]
The cluster initially developed without any government backing in and around the Old Street Roundabout. This had been a relatively run down area, north of the City of London, and has historically had much lower rents. Companies were encouraged into the area by the low rents after the 2008-2009 recession. There had been many architectural firms in the area that closed around 2009, further suppressing rents. Ironically the area around Old Street was not served back in 2008-2009 by fibre optic cable, but only a few hundred metres away, where rents were much higher in the City of London, an extensive fibre optic cable infrastructure was already in place. As has been claimed by many later articles, the development of the cluster was not influenced by the government investment at the Olympic Park, but by the location and initial low rents. This reflects the fact that successful technology clusters are usually market rather than government driven and are consequently cost-conscious.
Later, as the cluster developed, there was more support and encouragment by both local and national government, with the goal of creating a cluster comparable to Silicon Valley in the United States.[1][5] Cisco, Facebook, Google, Intel and McKinsey & Company are among the companies that have invested in the area.[6] City University London, London Metropolitan University, Imperial College London, Loughborough University and University College London are academic partners in projects based in the cluster.[4][7]
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